Friday, April 27, 2012

Van Darkholme

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Vampeta

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Vampeta Vampeta.jpg Personal information Full name Marcos André Batista dos Santos Date of birth 13 March 1974 (1974-03-13) (age 37) Place of birth Nazaré, Bahia, Brazil Height 1.82 m (5 ft 11 1/2 in) Playing position Midfielder Club information Current club Grêmio Osasco (Manager) Youth career 1990–1993 Vitória Senior career* Years Team Apps† (Gls)† 1993–1994 Vitória 8 (0) 1994 PSV Eindhoven 3 (0) 1995 ? VVV-Venlo (loan) 7 (3) 1995–1996 ? Fluminense (loan) 23 (2) 1996–1998 PSV Eindhoven 31 (2) 1998–2000 Corinthians 53 (4) 2000 Internazionale 1 (0) 2001 PSG 7 (0) 2001 Flamengo 16 (1) 2002–2003 Corinthians 29 (0) 2004 Vitória 6 (0) 2004 Kuwait SC 2005 Brasiliense 37 (0) 2006 Goiás 1 (0) 2007 Corinthians 2008 CA Juventus National team 1998–2002 Brazil 39 (2) Teams managed 2010 Nacional (SP) 2011 Grêmio Osasco * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). "Vampeta", born Marcos André Batista dos Santos, (born 13 March 1974, in Nazaré) is a former Brazilian professional football player and current coach of Grêmio Osasco. He has played in midfield. He represented Brazil from 1998 until 2002, winning the 1999 Copa América and the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Vampeta, his nickname, is a fusion of the words "vampiro" (Portuguese for vampire) and "capeta" (Portuguese for devil).[1] Contents [hide] * 1 Football career o 1.1 International career * 2 Coaching career * 3 Honors and awards * 4 International goals * 5 Contract * 6 References * 7 External links [edit] Football career Vampeta started his career in Salvador, with team Vitória, and later went to Europe with Dutch team PSV Eindhoven, who signed him alongside Ronaldo in the summer of 1994. After a difficult first season, PSV released him on loan to Fluminense, before he returned to the Netherlands as regular of the team that won the first Dutch title in 5 years in 1997. His good performance in Eindhoven led him back to Brazil were at Corinthians he grew out to become a member of the Brazilian national team. Vampeta then joined Internazionale in summer 2000, being reunited with Ronaldo. After failing to hold down a first-team place however, he stated that he wanted to leave and went to Rio de Janeiro in December for a vacation. In January 2001, Vampeta went to PSG as part exchange for Stéphane Dalmat.[2] He was involved in the Adriano and Reinaldo transfer in August 2001, who both played in Flamengo, in exchange for Vampeta who was joint-owned by Inter and PSG.[3] In 2007, he returned to Corinthians, signed a contract until the end of season. After being released by Corinthians, he signed a contract until mid-2008 with CA Juventus for 2008 Campeonato Paulista. [edit] International career He made his Brazil debut in a friendly match against FR Yugoslavia on 23 September 1998. He then became a regular player for Brazil, being called up for the Copa América 1999, 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup. He was also on Brazil's World Cup winning team in 2002, although he only made one substitute appearance during the competition. [edit] Coaching career In February 2010, the former Brazil national football team player was named as the new head coach of Nacional Atlético Clube (SP).[4] [edit] Honors and awards PSV Eindhoven * Johan Cruijff-schaal: 1996, 1997 * Eredivisie: 1997 Corinthians * Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, 1998, 1999 * Campeonato Paulista: 1999, 2003 * FIFA World Club Championship winner: 2000 * Torneio Rio-São Paulo: 2002 * Copa do Brasil: 2002 * Bola de Prata (Placar): 1998, 1999 Goiás * Goias State League: 2006 Brazil * FIFA World Cup winner: 2002 * Copa América 1999 [edit] International goals Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first. # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition 1 2000-07-26 São Paulo, Brazil Argentina 2–0 3–1 2002 FIFA World Cup Qual. [edit] Contract * Corinthians 16 July 2007 to 31 December 2007

Tip Belanja Hemat

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TIP BELANJA DI INTERNET

TIP AMAN BELANJA DI INTERNET 1. Periksa reputasi website - Mudah dicari di internet melalui mesin pencari. Lewat Google Contoh: Searching di Google: 28 jaya 2. Cari referensi - Pada Website di Menu: CLIENTS 3. Data TOKO ONLINE Harus Jelas - Nama Toko : 28 JAYA - Alamat Toko Kalau bisa yang berada di Pusat Perbelanjaan : Plaza Kenari Mas, Lantai LG Blok: A19C, JAKARTA 10440 - NAMA PEMILIK PERUSAHAAN : Indra Viyanda Lihat di Menu : DATA PRIBADI - Nomor TELPON dan FAX adalah Nomor TELKOM Cek ke Operator TELKOM 147 apakan Nomor Telpon tersebut atas nama Sesuai dengan NAMA PEMILIK PERUSAHAAN Cara Ceknya : - Telpon ke 147 Tekan 1 untuk Bahasa Indonesia Tekan 3 untuk layanan Telefoni Tanyakan : Apa betul No Telpon 021-31900380 atas nama Indra Viyanda Jawapan Operator YA Apa betul No Telpon 021-31906934 atas nama Indra Viyanda Jawapan Operator YA - Nama Pemilik Rekening Bank Sesuai dengan NAMA PEMILIK PERUSAHAAN Atas Nama : Indra Viyanda BCA Kcp Kenari : 068-3006511 MANDIRI Kcp Kenari Mas : 123-0004-806974 BNI 46 Kcp Kenari Mas : 022-282-9876 4. Apakah NAMA PEMILIK PERUSAHAAN mempunyai Account di FACEBOOK Klik Disini Untuk Bergabung 5. BERBELANJALAH dengan cara COD (Cash On Delivery) GOOD LUCK http://28jaya.com/?tip-belanja-di-internet,290

Timothy J. Boham

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Timothy John Boham also known as Marcus Allen (born May 27, 1981), is a former adult film star[1] who was convicted[2] of the first-degree shooting death of 43-year-old Denver businessman John Paul "J P" Kelso. Contents [hide] * 1 Porn career as "Marcus Allen" * 2 Downward spiral and the murder of Kelso * 3 Murder of Kelso * 4 Trial * 5 See also * 6 Footnotes * 7 References * 8 Further reading [edit] Porn career as "Marcus Allen" In November 2002, Boham appeared on the cover of Freshmen magazine (a magazine focusing on 18-25-year-old gay men). In the annual survey in 2003, Marcus Allen was voted "Freshman of the Year" by a wide margin, and again appeared on the cover (June 2003). This led to opportunities such as with Falcon studios.[3] With Falcon Entertainment, Boham appeared in a dozen adult movies under the name "Marcus Allen" in 2004 and 2005.[1] He was also in Channel I Releasing/Rascal Entertainment's "Never Been Touched" by Chi Chi LaRue. As Marcus Allen, Boham was on the cover of Mandate magazine[4] in July 2006, apparently for All World's Video. Boham also appeared on the cover of Playgirl Magazine's "campus hunks" issue (November 2006) (and is advertised as "John" of Denver, Colorado, and as having a "smooth body and 'softer' side", p. 32-34). [edit] Downward spiral and the murder of Kelso The Advocate reported that Boham left porn about a year ago and went to live in Denver, eventually working for John Paul "J P" Kelso but only for about 10 days before failing to show up for his job. Kelso was co-owner of a Denver debt recovery business called Professional Recovery Systems; he was a philanthropist "... giving away hundreds of thousands of dollars to charities around the world...."[1] and was openly gay. Co-workers at the debt recovery business described Tim as "... bright and... [that] it seemed like he had his mind on something else." [edit] Murder of Kelso A housekeeper found Kelso, 43, shot to death in the bathtub of his upscale Congress Park home on November 13, 2006.[5] The police named Boham as a suspect in the slaying. Boham was arrested on November 16 at the U.S.-Mexico border in Lukeville, Arizona, after identifying himself as the subject of a murder warrant to Customs and Border officers.[6] He was extradited to Colorado and is being held without bond. "During [Boham's preliminary hearing], Denver Detective Aaron Lopez testified that in a jailhouse interview in Arizona, where Boham was arrested Nov. 16, Boham said Kelso had asked him to go into the master bedroom to cuddle. But Boham, who said he needed money for his girlfriend, had other plans, Lopez testified. Boham also cut open the safe and found no money in it, the detective said."[7] According to the Denver Post, Boham told his family that he killed Kelso because he believed that Kelso kept a lot of money in his household safe. "Court documents claim that Boham had bipolar disorder and was prone to fits of rage, and that he told his mother that he had planned to use the money to go to South America with his girlfriend."[8] But Boham said his plan went awry when Kelso refused to open the safe, and there was a brief struggle during which he accidentally shot Kelso, according to the Post. "Lopez said that Boham confessed to both his sister and mother before leaving for Arizona. Before leaving, he repeatedly returned to Kelso's home to clean it up, in hopes that his fingerprints and DNA wouldn't be discovered."."[9] Kelso had a gunshot wound to the head, police told the Post. [edit] Trial His trial for murder started with jury selection 1 Jun 2009.[10] He was found guilty June 9, 2009 and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole.[11]

Shotacon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (September 2008) Part of a series on Anime and Manga Anime eye.svg Anime History • Longest series Industry • Companies ONA • OVA Fansub • Fandub Manga History • Publishers Scanlation • Dojinshi International market Longest series Mangaka (List) Demographic groups Children Shonen • Shojo Seinen • Josei Genres Harem • Magical girl Mecha • Yaoi • Yuri Selected biographies Shotaro Ishinomori Rakuten Kitazawa Koichi Mashimo Katsuji Matsumoto Leiji Matsumoto Hayao Miyazaki Go Nagai Yoshiyuki Tomino Shoji Kawamori Toshio Suzuki Osamu Tezuka Year 24 Group Fandom Conventions (list) • Clubs • Cosplay Anime music video • Otaku Yaoi fandom General Omake • Terminology Anime and Manga Portal * v * t * e Shotacon (?????, shotakon?), sometimes shortened to shota (???, shota?), is a Japanese slang portmanteau of the phrase Shotaro complex (??????????, shotaro konpurekkusu?) and describes an attraction to young boys, or an individual with such an attraction.[citation needed] Outside Japan, the term is used less often with this meaning. It refers to a genre of manga and anime wherein pre-pubescent or pubescent male characters are depicted in a suggestive or erotic manner.[nb 1] It can also apply to postpubescent (adolescent or adult) characters with youthful neotenic features that would make them appear to be younger than they are.[2] The phrase is a reference to the young male character Shotaro (????) from Tetsujin 28-go[3] (reworked in English as Gigantor). The equivalent term for attraction to (or art pertaining to erotic portrayal of) young girls is lolicon. The usage of the term in both Western and Japanese fan cultures includes works ranging from explicitly pornographic to mildly suggestive, romantic or entirely nonsexual. As with lolicon, shotacon is related to the concepts of kawaii (cuteness) and moe (in which characters are presented as young, cute or helpless in order to increase reader identification and inspire protective feelings). As such, shotacon themes and characters are used in a variety of non-erotic media. Elements of shotacon, like yaoi, are comparatively common in shojo manga, such as the popular translated manga Loveless (which features an eroticized but unconsummated relationship between the 12-year-old male protagonist and his 20-year-old male "fighter unit"), or the young-appearing character Honey in Ouran High School Host Club. Seinen manga, particularly that aimed at otaku, also occasionally presents eroticized adolescent males in a non-pornographic context, such as the cross-dressing 16-year-old boy in Yubisaki Milk Tea. Some critics claim that the shotacon genre contributes to actual sexual abuse of children,[4] while others point out that there is no evidence for this,[4] or that there is evidence to the contrary.[5] Contents [hide] * 1 Origins * 2 Shotacon publications * 3 See also o 3.1 Legal aspects * 4 Notes * 5 References [edit] Origins The term "shotacon" is a Japanese portmanteau of Shotaro complex (??????????, Shotaro konpurekkusu?), a reference to the young male character Shotaro (???) from Tetsujin 28-go.[3] In the anime and manga series, Shotaro is a bold, self-assertive detective who frequently outwits his adversaries and helps to solve cases. Throughout the series, Shotaro develops close friends within the world. His bishonen cuteness embodied and formed the term "shotacon", putting a name to an old sexual subculture. Where the shotacon concept developed is hard to pinpoint, but some of its earliest roots are in readers responses to detective series written by Edogawa Rampo. In his works, a character named Yoshio Kobayashi of "Shonentanteidan" (Junior Detective Group, similar to the Baker Street Irregulars of Sherlock Holmes) forms a deep dependency with adult protagonist Kogoro Akechi. Kobayashi, a beautiful teenager, constantly concerns himself with Kogoro's cases and well-being, and for a time moves in with the unmarried man. This nonsexual but intimate adult-boy relationship in part inspired the evolution of the shotacon community. Tamaki Saito describes the modern shotacon dojinshi community as having largely formed in the early 1980s and having a roughly even split between males and females.[3] Saito suggests that shotacon was originally an offshoot of yaoi, but when adopted by male readers became influenced by lolicon; thus, he claims "shota texts by female yaoi authors are structurally identical to yaoi texts, while shota by male otaku clearly position these little boys as young girls with penises."[6] [edit] Shotacon publications Shotacon stories are commonly released in semi-monthly anthologies. Sometimes, however, manga artist will publish individual manga volumes. Many shotacon stories are published as doujinshi; Shotaket (???????) [nb 2], an annual convention to sell shotacon doujin material, was founded in 1995,[8] apparently by a group of male creators.[3] The 2008 Shotaket had over 1000 attendees and offered work from nearly 200 circles.[8] Shotacon for women is almost exclusively yaoi, and may be published in general yaoi anthology magazines or in one of the few exclusively shotacon yaoi anthologies, such as Shonen Romance. Because of the possible legal issues, US publishers of yaoi have avoided material depicting notably underage characters.[9] In 2006, Juné released an English translation of Mako Takahashi's Naichaisouyo (?????????) under the title "Almost Crying",[10] a non-erotic shotacon manga; the book contains several stories featuring pubescent male characters, but their relationships are nonsexual. Shotacon for male readers may feature heterosexual relationships ("straight shota") or male-male relationships.[nb 3] Shota stories may be published in (a subset of) general seijin (men's pornographic) manga anthologies or in the few seijin shota manga anthologies, such as Shonen Ai no Bigaku, which specializes in male-male stories. Some gay men's magazines which offer a particularly broad mix of pornographic material occasionally run stories or manga featuring peri-pubescent characters.[11] In 2006, the seijin shotacon OVA anime Boku no Pico (??????, lit. My Pico), which the producer has described as the first shotacon anime,[12] was released. It was later followed by three sequels. However, three years previously an OVA based on the eroge Enzai was created, featuring explicit sexual acts involving young boys.

Shonen Ai no Bigaku

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Shonen Ai no Bigaku Ainobigaku17.jpg Issue 17 ?????? Genre Adult, Shotacon Manga Written by Various Published by AV Comics Demographic Seinen (Mens' Manga) Magazine Japan Magazine Original run June 2003 – November 2008 Volumes 19 Anime and Manga Portal Shonen Ai no Bigaku (???????), literally The Esthetics of Boy Love, is a bimonthly manga compilation authored by shotacon artists in Japan. The title mimics that of a philosophical work on sexuality and homosexuality by Inagaki Taruho. The first volume was published in 2003 by AV Comics[1], the adult product branch of Shobukan, with the intention of reviving the market for shotacon magazines.[2] Each issue of the seventeen volume series follows a theme such as cross-dressing, omorashi, field trip, or incest. Shonen Ai no Bigaku does not include straight shota. Contents [hide] * 1 Artists * 2 Issues * 3 See also * 4 Footnotes * 5 References [edit] Artists Shonen Ai no Bigaku published a number of recurring manga artists. * Akio Takami (?????) * Chiyu 12 Sai (??12?) * Dohi Kensuke (??????) * Ebi Chiriko (?????) * Hoshiai Hiro (????) * Inaba Cozy (??COZY) * Inumaru (??) * Kawada Shogo (?????) * Mitsui Jun (???) * Po-Ju (?~??) * Sakamoto Hayato (?????) * Sasorigatame (??????) * Tsuduki Mayoi (?????) * Yamano Kitsune (????) * Yokoyama Chicha (???????) [edit] Issues # Issue Title Kanji Date of Publication 1 The Boy in Girl Clothes The ???? 15 June 2003 2 The Mischievous Boy The ?????? 15 August 2003 3 The Crybaby Boy The ????? 15 October 2003 4 The Spoiled Boy The ?????? 15 December 2003 5 The Experienced The ?? 15 February 2004 6 The Costume Boy The ???? 15 April 2004 7 The Prank Boy The ???? 15 June 2004 8 The Our Summer Vacation The ??????? 15 August 2004 9 The Our Sports Festival The ??????? 25 October 2004 10 The Morning Erection The ??? 25 December 2004 11 The Glasses Boy The ????? 25 February 2005 12 The Little Brother The ? 25 April 2005 13 The Wetting Boy The ?????? 25 June 2005 14 The Contest Boy The ????? 25 August 2005 15 The Boy in Girl Clothes: Underwear Edition The ????~???~ 25 October 2005 16 The Our Trip The ?????? 25 December 2005 17 The Naughty Boy The ?????? 25 February 2006 EX Boy in Girl Clothes ???? 27 May 2008 EX2 Phimosis ?? 27 November 2008

Seinen manga

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Seinen) Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with Adult comics (????, also read as "seinen manga"). Question book-new.svg This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2010) Part of a series on Anime and Manga Anime eye.svg Anime History • Longest series Industry • Companies ONA • OVA Fansub • Fandub Manga History • Publishers Scanlation • Dojinshi International market Longest series Mangaka (List) Demographic groups Children Shonen • Shojo Seinen • Josei Genres Harem • Magical girl Mecha • Yaoi • Yuri Selected biographies Shotaro Ishinomori Rakuten Kitazawa Koichi Mashimo Katsuji Matsumoto Leiji Matsumoto Hayao Miyazaki Go Nagai Yoshiyuki Tomino Shoji Kawamori Toshio Suzuki Osamu Tezuka Year 24 Group Fandom Conventions (list) • Clubs • Cosplay Anime music video • Otaku Yaoi fandom General Omake • Terminology Anime and Manga Portal * v * t * e Seinen manga (?????) is a subset of manga that is generally targeted at a 18–30 year old male audience, but the audience can be older with some manga aimed at businessmen well into their 40s. In Japanese, the word Seinen means "young man" or "young men" and is not suggestive of sexual matters. (The female equivalent to seinen manga is josei manga.) It has a wide variety of art styles and more variation in subject matter, ranging from the avant-garde to the pornographic. Seinen manga is distinguished from shonen, or boys' manga, by having a stronger emphasis on realism. Because of the emphasis on storyline and character development instead of action, some seinen series are often confused with shojo, or girls' manga.[citation needed] This is especially true of seinen comedy series such as Chobits, and Chi's Sweet Home, or seinen drama such as Twin Spica. Other examples of seinen manga include: Gantz, Battle Royale, 20th Century Boys, Monster, Blame!, Ghost in the Shell, Akira, Berserk, Battle Angel Alita, Drifters and Elfen Lied. Rumiko Takahashi's Maison Ikkoku is sometimes classified as seinen, although this is disputed by some fans. A common way to tell if a manga is seinen is by looking at whether or not furigana is used over the original kanji text: if there are furigana on all kanji, the title is generally aimed at a younger audience. The title of the magazine it was published in is also an important indicator. Usually Japanese manga magazines with the word "young" in the title (Weekly Young Jump for instance) are seinen. Other popular seinen manga magazines include Ultra Jump, Afternoon, and Big Comic.

Sebastian Bonnet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Sebastian Bonnet Born May 3, 1978 (1978-05-03) (age 33)[1] or April 27, 1978 (1978-04-27) (age 33) Slovakia Other names Antoine Korda Ethnicity Slovak Sebastian Bonnet (born April 27 or May 3, 1978), also billed as Antoine Korda, is a Slovak actor who stars in gay pornographic films. His most prominent work was the Personal Trainers series produced for the Bel Ami company.[2][3][4] He was the subject of the 2004 book Sebastian & Friends by George Duroy, published by Bruno Gmünder Verlag GmbH.[5] Aside from being an actor, he works as a cameraman and editor for Bel Ami’s films and Internet episodes.[6] Contents [hide] * 1 Awards and nominations * 2 Select videography * 3 See also * 4 References * 5 External links [edit] Awards and nominations * In 1998 he was nominated for a Gay Erotic Video Award for Best Erotic Scene in with Valentin Nabokov in "Frisky Summer 3" (Bel Ami). * In 2003 he was a nominee for the GayVN Award for Best Group Scene.[7] * In 2004, he won the Freshman of the Year Award presented annually by Freshmen, an adult magazine published by LPI Media.[citation needed] [edit] Select videography * 1996 Frisky Summer 2 * 1996 Sunshine After the Rain * 1996 Wide Open * 1997 Souvenirs * 1998 Frisky Summer 3 * 1999 Frisky Memories * 1999 The English Student * 2000 English Lessons * 2001 Cover Boys * 2002 Frisky Summer 4 * 2003 Alpine Adventures * 2003 Just for Fun * 2005 Personal Trainers A+ * 2005 Lukas in Love * 2006 Out of Africa 3 * 2006 Pillow Talk 2 * 2006 Pillow Talk 3 * 2008 Personal Trainers A+2 * 2009 Sex Buddies 1 * 2009 "Reaming Taylor Ghrist and Rudyard Ramsey 45"

Roman Heart

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Roman Heart Born April 11, 1986 (1986-04-11) (age 25) Tacoma, Washington Other names Linc Madison Height 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) No. of adult films 46 Roman Heart is the stage name of an American gay adult entertainment film actor. Under the name Linc Madison, he gave his first adult film performance in the 2004 movie Flesh, after which he signed a contract as an exclusive for the gay porn studio Falcon Entertainment. Heart often appears as the bottom in sex scenes.[1][dead link] Heart is the cover model in the big budget 2005 production Cross Country produced and directed by Chris Steele, also for Falcon Studios. He was featured as the cover model in the July 2005 issue of Freshmen magazine where he was elected Freshman of the Year for 2006.[2][dead link] In 2007, Heart appeared in his only film outside of Falcon for Ridgeline Films "A Rising Star", co-starring with studio founder and porn actor Jason Ridge. Heart currently lives in West Hollywood, California after ending his 7 year on again-off again romance with Benjamin Bradley. In 2009 they created a commercial blog with insights on their life together,[3] which has ceased to exist as of 2012. Contents [hide] * 1 Awards * 2 See also * 3 References * 4 External links [edit] Awards * 2005 Freshmen magazine Freshman of the Year 2005 * 2006 GayVN Award – Best Newcomer[4] * 2006 Grabby Award – Best Newcomer (tied with Jason Kingsley) [5] Awards Preceded by Eddie Stone GayVN Awards for Best Newcomer 2006 Succeeded by Matt Cole and Brian Hansen

Roger José de Noronha Silva

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Roger Personal information Full name Roger José de Noronha Silva Date of birth July 23, 1972 (1972-07-23) (age 39) Place of birth Cantagalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Playing position goalkeeper Youth career Flamengo Senior career* Years Team Apps† (Gls)† 1991-1996 Flamengo 2006-2007 Santos Botafogo * Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only. † Appearances (Goals). Roger José de Noronha Silva, or simply Roger is a Brazilian football goalkeeper. He signed a contract run until December 2008 in September 2007. [edit] Career Roger began his career at Flamengo in 1991 when he was a reserve Gilmar. Was loaned to Victoria in 1994 but then returned to the Gavia, later that year to become the Flamengo goalkeeper. In 1997, Roger left Flamengo and went to São Paulo, however, failed to win a starting place, left by Zetti. Followed loaned to Victoria again, and then to Portugal, before returning to the Morumbi in 2001. It was followed four years in the reserve Rogerio Ceni, until being traded to the Saints in late 2005. However, despite the exchange club, continued to be reserves, this time by Fabio Costa. Then near the end of 2007, Roger saw his last chance to hold back when the interest arose from Botafogo. Unfortunately, a shoulder injury eventually disrupting their plans, so he decided to retire in mid-2008. In 2008, Roger was elected alderman, getting 599 votes in his hometown, Canterbury, by Democrats.

Queer theory

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with Queer studies. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. * It needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since July 2011. * It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since July 2011. * It may contain original research. Tagged since July 2011. Sociology Social Network Analysis diagram Outline Theory · History Positivism · Antipositivism Functionalism · Conflict theory Middle-range · Mathematical Critical theory · Socialization Structure and agency Research methods Quantitative · Qualitative Historical · Computational Ethnographic · Network analytic Topics · Subfields Cities · Class · Crime · Culture Deviance · Demography · Education Economy · Environment · Family Gender · Health · Industry · Internet Knowledge · Law · Medicine Politics · Mobility · Race and ethnicity Rationalization · Religion · Science Secularization · Social networks Social psychology · Stratification Browse Portal Category tree · Lists Journals · Sociologists Article index * v * t * e Queer theory is a field of post-structuralist critical theory that emerged in the early 1990s out of the fields of queer studies and Women's studies. Queer theory includes both queer readings of texts and the theorisation of 'queerness' itself. Heavily influenced by the work of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Judith Butler, and Lauren Berlant, queer theory builds both upon feminist challenges to the idea that gender is part of the essential self and upon gay/lesbian studies' close examination of the socially constructed nature of sexual acts and identities. Whereas gay/lesbian studies focused its inquiries into "natural" and "unnatural" behaviour with respect to homosexual behaviour, queer theory expands its focus to encompass any kind of sexual activity or identity that falls into normative and deviant categories. Contents [hide] * 1 Queer theory * 2 Overview * 3 History * 4 Background concepts * 5 Identity politics * 6 Role of biology * 7 The HIV/AIDS discourse * 8 The role of language * 9 Media and other creative works * 10 Queer theology * 11 Criticism * 12 Post–queer theory * 13 Future directions: phenomenology and queer theory * 14 See also o 14.1 Theorists * 15 References * 16 Further reading * 17 External links [edit] Queer theory “ Queer is by definition whatever is at odds with the normal, the legitimate, the dominant. There is nothing in particular to which it necessarily refers. It is an identity without an essence. 'Queer' then, demarcates not a positivity but a positionality vis-à-vis the normative.[1] ” Queer theorist Michael Warner attempts to provide a definition of a concept that typically circumvents categorical definitions: "Social reflection carried out in such a manner tends to be creative, fragmentary, and defensive, and leaves us perpetually at a disadvantage. And it is easy to be misled by the utopian claims advanced in support of particular tactics. But the range and seriousness of the problems that are continually raised by queer practice indicate how much work remains to be done. Because the logic of the sexual order is so deeply embedded by now in an indescribably wide range of social institutions, and is embedded in the most standard accounts of the world, queer struggles aim not just at toleration or equal status but at challenging those institutions and accounts. The dawning realisation that themes of homophobia and heterosexism may be read in almost any document of our culture means that we are only beginning to have an idea of how widespread those institutions and accounts are.[2] Queer theory's main project is exploring the contesting of the categorisation of gender and sexuality; identities are not fixed – they cannot be categorised and labeled – because identities consist of many varied components and that to categorise by one characteristic is wrong. Queer theory said that there is an interval between what a subject “does” (role-taking) and what a subject “is” (the self). So despite its title the theory's goal is to destabilise identity categories, which are designed to identify the “sexed subject” and place individuals within a single restrictive sexual orientation. [edit] Overview Question book-new.svg This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. Queer theory is derived largely from post-structuralist theory, and deconstruction in particular. Starting in the 1970s, a range of authors brought deconstructionist critical approaches to bear on issues of sexual identity, and especially on the construction of a normative "straight" ideology. Queer theorists challenged the validity and consistency of heteronormative discourse, and focused to a large degree on non-heteronormative sexualities and sexual practices. The term "queer theory" was introduced in 1990, with Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Judith Butler, Adrienne Rich and Diana Fuss (all largely following the work of Michel Foucault) being among its foundational proponents. [edit] History Before the phrase “Queer Theory” was born, the term ‘Queer Nation’ appeared on the cover of the short-lived lesbian/gay quarterly Outlook in the winter 1991 issues. Writers Allan Berube and Jeffrey Escoffier drove home the point that Queer Nation strove to embrace paradoxes in its political activism, and that the activism was taking new form and revolving around the issue of identity.[3][dead link] Soon enough Outlook and Queer Nation stopped being published, however, there was a mini-gay renaissance going on during the 1980s and early 1990s. There were a number of significant outbursts of lesbian/gay political/cultural activity. Out of this emerged queer theory. Teresa de Lauretis is the person credited with coining the phrase "Queer Theory". It was at a working conference on lesbian and gay sexualities that was held at the University of California, Santa Cruz in February 1990 that de Lauretis first made mention of the phrase.[4] She later introduced the phrase in a 1991 special issue of differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, entitled “Queer Theory, Lesbian and Gay Sexualities.” Similar to the description Berube and Escoffier used for Queer Nation, de Lauretis asserted that, “queer unsettles and questions the genderedness of sexuality.” [5] Barely three years later, she abandoned the phrase on the grounds that it had been taken over by mainstream forces and institutions it was originally coined to resist.[6] Judith Butler's Gender Trouble, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's Epistemology of the Closet, and David Halperin's One Hundred Years of Homosexuality inspired other works. The three theorists who established much of the intellectual agenda for queer theory were women. Teresa de Lauretis, Judith Butler, and Eve Sedgwick arranged much of the conceptual base for the emerging field in the 1990s. Along with other queer theorists, these three outlined a political hermeneutics, which emphasized representation. These scholars asked questioned if people of varying sexual orientations had the same goals politically and did those in the sexual minority feel that they could be represented along with others of different sexualities and orientations. “While some critics insist that queer theory is apolitical word-smithery, [de Lauretis, Butler, and Sedgwick] take seriously the role that signs and symbols play in shaping the meanings and possibilities of our culture at the most basic level, including politics conventionally defined.” [3] In the late 1980s, social constructionists conceived of the sexual subject as a culturally dependent, historically specific product.[citation needed] [edit] Background concepts Queer theory is grounded in gender and sexuality. Due to this association, a debate emerges as to whether sexual orientation is natural or essential to the person, as an essentialist believes, or if sexuality is a social construction and subject to change.[7] The queer theory has two predominant strains: * Radical deconstructionism: interrogates categories of sexual orientations. * Radical subversion: disrupts the normalizing tendencies of the sexual order. The essentialist feminists believed that genders "have an essential nature (e.g. nurturing and caring versus being aggressive and selfish), as opposed to differing by a variety of accidental or contingent features brought about by social forces".[8] Due to this belief in the essential nature of a person, it is also natural to assume that a person's sexual preference would be natural and essential to a person’s personality. [edit] Identity politics Queer theory was originally associated with radical gay politics of ACT UP, OutRage! and other groups which embraced "queer" as an identity label that pointed to a separatist, non-assimilationist politics.[8] Queer theory developed out of an examination of perceived limitations in the traditional identity politics of recognition and self-identity. In particular, queer theorists identified processes of consolidation or stabilization around some other identity labels (e.g. gay and lesbian); and construed queerness so as to resist this. Queer theory attempts to maintain a critique more than define a specific identity. Acknowledging the inevitable violence of identity politics, and having no stake in its own ideology, queer is less an identity than a critique of identity. However, it is in no position to imagine itself outside the circuit of problems energized by identity politics. Instead of defending itself against those criticisms that its operations attract, queer allows those criticisms to shape its – for now unimaginable – future directions. "The term," writes Butler, "will be revised, dispelled, rendered obsolete to the extent that it yields to the demands which resist the term precisely because of the exclusions by which it is mobilized." The mobilization of queer foregrounds the conditions of political representation, its intentions and effects, its resistance to and recovery by the existing networks of power.[9] The studies of Fuss anticipates queer theory.[10] Eng, Halberstam and Esteban Munoz offer one of its latest incarnations in the aptly “What is Queer about Queer studies now?”.[11] Using Butler’s critique of sexual identity categories as a starting point, they work around a “queer epistemology” that explicitly opposes the sexual categories of Lesbian and Gay studies and lesbian and gay identity politics. They insist that the field of normalization is not limited to sexuality; social classifications such as gender, race and nationality constituted by a “governing logic” require an epistemological intervention through queer theory" (Green 2007). "So, the evolution of the queer begins with the problematization of sexual identity categories in Fuss (1996) and extends outward to a more general deconstruction of social ontology in contemporary queer theory" (Green 2007). "Edelman goes from deconstruction of the subject to a deconstructive psychoanalysis of the entire social order; the modern human fear of mortality produces defensive attempts to “suture over the hole in the Symbolic Order”.[12] According to him, constructions of “the homosexual” are pitted against constructions of “The Child” in the modern West, wherein the former symbolizes the inevitability of mortality (do not procreate) and the latter an illusory continuity of the self with the social order (survives mortality through one’s offspring). The constructs are animated by futuristic fantasy designed to evade mortality" (Green 2007). "Fuss, Eng. et al and Edelman represent distinct moment in the development of queer theory. Whereas Fuss aims to discompose and render inert the reigning classifications of sexual identity, Eng. et al observe the extension of a deconstructive strategy to a wider field of normalization, while Edelman’s work takes not only the specter of “the homosexual”, but the very notion of “society” as a manifestation of psychological distress requiring composition" (Green 2007). [edit] Role of biology Queer theorists focus on problems in classifying individuals as either male or female, even on a strictly biological basis. For example, the sex chromosomes (X and Y) may exist in atypical combinations (as in Klinefelter's syndrome [XXY]). This complicates the use of genotype as a means to define exactly two distinct sexes. Intersexed individuals may for many different biological reasons have ambiguous sexual characteristics. Scientists who have written on the conceptual significance of intersexual individuals include Anne Fausto-Sterling, Ruth Hubbard, Carol Tavris, and Joan Roughgarden.[citation needed] Some key experts in the study of culture, such as Barbara Rogoff, argue that the traditional distinction between biology and culture as independent entities is overly simplistic, pointing to the ways in which biology and culture interact with one another.[13] [edit] The HIV/AIDS discourse Much of queer theory developed out of a response to the AIDS crisis, which promoted a renewal of radical activism, and the growing homophobia brought about by public responses to AIDS. Queer theory became occupied in part with what effects – put into circulation around the AIDS epidemic – necessitated and nurtured new forms of political organization, education and theorizing in "queer". To examine the effects that HIV/AIDS has on queer theory is to look at the ways in which the status of the subject or individual is treated in the biomedical discourses that construct them.[14] 1. The shift, affected by safer sex education in emphasizing sexual practices over sexual identities[15] 2. The persistent misrecognition of HIV/AIDS as a "gay" disease [16] 3. Homosexuality as a kind of fatality[17] 4. The coalition politics of much HIV/AIDS activism that rethinks identity in terms of affinity rather than essence[18] and therefore includes not only lesbians and gay men but also bisexuals, transsexuals, sex workers, people with AIDS, health workers, and parents and friends of gays; the pressing recognition that discourse is not a separate or second-order "reality"[19] 5. The constant emphasis on contestation in resisting dominant depictions of HIV and AIDS and representing them otherwise[20][dead link]. The rethinking of traditional understandings of the workings of power in cross-hatched struggles over epidemiology, scientific research, public health and immigration policy[21] The material effects of AIDS contested many cultural assumptions about identity, justice, desire and knowledge, which some scholars felt challenged the entire system of Western thought,[22] believing it maintained the health and immunity of epistemology: "the psychic presence of AIDS signifies a collapse of identity and difference that refuses to be abjected from the systems of self-knowledge."[23] Thus queer theory and AIDS become interconnected because each is articulated through a postmodernist understanding of the death of the subject and both understand identity as an ambivalent site. [edit] The role of language Question book-new.svg This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. For language use as associated with sexual identity, see Lavender linguistics. Queer theory is likened to language because it is never static, but is ever-evolving. Richard Norton suggests that the existence of queer language is believed to have evolved from the imposing of structures and labels from an external mainstream culture. Early discourse of queer theory involved leading theorists: Michel Foucault, Judith Butler, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick and others. This discourse centered on the way that knowledge of sexuality was structured through the use of language. Heteronormativity was the main focus of discourse, where heterosexuality was viewed as normal and any deviations, such as homosexuality, as abnormal or "queer". Even before the founding of ‘queer theory’ the Modern Language Association (MLA) came together for a convention in 1973 for the first formal gay-studies seminar due to the rise of lesbian and gay writers and issues of gay and lesbian textuality. The convention was entitled “ Gay Literature: Teaching and Research.” In 1981, the MLA established the Division of Gay Studies in Language and Literature. [edit] Media and other creative works Many queer theorists have produced creative works that reflect theoretical perspectives in a wide variety of media. For example, science fiction authors such as Samuel R. Delany and Octavia Butler feature many values and themes from queer theory in their work. Patrick Califia's published fiction also draws heavily on concepts and ideas from queer theory. Some lesbian feminist novels written in the years immediately following Stonewall, such as Lover by Bertha Harris or Les Guérillères by Monique Wittig, can be said to anticipate the terms of later queer theory. In film, the genre christened by B. Ruby Rich as New Queer Cinema in 1992 continues, as Queer Cinema, to draw heavily on the prevailing critical climate of queer theory; a good early example of this is the Jean Genet-inspired movie Poison by the director Todd Haynes. In fan fiction, the genre known as slash fiction rewrites straight or nonsexual relationships to be gay, bisexual, and queer in a sort of campy cultural appropriation. Ann Herendeen's Pride/Prejudice,[24] for example, narrates a steamy affair between Mr. Darcy and Mr. Bingley, the mutually devoted heroes of Jane Austen's much-adapted novel. And in music, some Queercore groups and zines could be said to reflect the values of queer theory.[25] Queer theorists analyze texts and challenge the cultural notions of "straight" ideology; that is, does "straight" imply heterosexuality as normal or is everyone potentially gay? As Ryan states: "It is only the laborious imprinting of heterosexual norms that cuts away those potentials and manufactures heterosexuality as the dominant sexual format."[26] For example, Hollywood pursues the "straight" theme as being the dominant theme to outline what masculine is. This is particularly noticeable in gangster films, action films and westerns, which never have "weak" (read: homosexual) men playing the heroes, with the recent exception of the film Brokeback Mountain. Queer theory looks at destabilizing and shifting the boundaries of these cultural constructions. New Media artists have a long history of queer theory inspired works, including cyberfeminism works, porn films like I.K.U. which feature transgender cyborg hunters and "Sharing is Sexy", an "open source porn laboratory", using social software, creative commons licensing and netporn to explore queer sexualities beyond the male/female binary.[citation needed] [edit] Queer theology Queer Theology is a term for the field of theology being undertaken from the perspective of "Queer theory". The term is a neologism, originating in the 1990s.[27] A "pro-feminist gay theology" was proposed by J. M. Clark and G. McNeil in 1992, and a "queer theology" by Robert Goss in Jesus acted up: A gay and lesbian manifesto (1993).[28] [edit] Criticism Typically, critics of queer theory are concerned that the approach obscures or glosses altogether the material conditions that underpin discourse.[29] Tim Edwards argues that queer theory extrapolates too broadly from textual analysis in undertaking an examination of the social.[29] Adam Green argues that queer theory ignores the social and institutional conditions within which lesbians and gays live.[30] For example, queer theory dismantles social contingency in some cases (homosexual subject positions) while recuperating social contingency in others (racialized subject positions). So not all queer theoretical work is as faithful to its deconstructionist roots. Queer theory's commitment to deconstruction makes it nearly impossible to speak of a "lesbian" or "gay" subject, since all social categories are denaturalized and reduced to discourse.[31] Thus, queer theory cannot be a framework for examining selves or subjectivities—including those that accrue by race and class—but rather, must restrict its analytic focus to discourse.[32] Hence, sociology and queer theory are regarded as methodologically and epistemologically incommensurable frameworks [32] by critics such as Adam Isaiah Green. Thus Green writes that Warner, in an introductory section,[33] Michael Warner (1990s) draws out the possibility of queer theory as a kind of critical intervention in social theory (radical deconstructionism); despite this, he weaves back and forth between the reification and deconstruction of sexual identity. Green argues that Warner begins the volume by invoking an ethnic identity politics, solidified around a specific social cleavage and a discussion of the importance of deconstructing notions of lesbian and gay identities; but, despite its radical deconstructionism, it constructs the queer subject or self in largely conventional terms: as lesbian and gay people bound by homophobic institutions and practices. So, one of the leading volumes of queer theory engages the subject via conventional sociological epistemologies that conceive of subject positions constituted through systems of stratification and organized around shared experience and identity. In other way, for Barnard,[34] any consideration of sexuality must include inextricability with racialized subjectivities. Adam Green argues that Barnard implicitly rejects the queer theoretical conceptions of sexuality on the grounds that such work fails to account for particularity of racialized sexualities. He reasons that the failure arises because queer theorists are themselves white, and therefore operate from the particularity of a white racial standpoint. Barnard aspires to recuperate an analysis of race in queer theory, proposing that the deconstructionist epistemology of queer theory can be used to decompose a white queerness (first) in order to recover a racialized queerness (second). Thus, Adam Green argues that Barnard’s attempt to bring social contingency into queer theory violates the core epistemological premise of queer theory; in fact, by proposing that queer theory capture racialized subject positions, Barnard reinstates what it means to be a person of colour. His critique of the white subject position of queer theorists is itself a testimony to the stability of the social order and the power of social categories to mark a particular kind of experience, of subjectivity and, in turn, of queer author. He backs down the road of a decidedly sociological analysis of subject position and the self. Finally, Jagose[35] Green observes that Jagose aims toward an analysis of social cleavages, including those accruing by race and ethnicity. Thus, on the one, Jagose underscores the strong deconstructionist epistemological premise of the term queer and queer theory more generally. Yet, she goes on to analyze identities and sexualities “inflected by heterosexuality, race, gender and ethnicity”. Thus Adam Green states that by advocating the incorporation of social contingency in this way, Jagose offers neither the critical edge of queer theory nor the clarity of standpoint theory. However, on the topic of race, Jagose asserted that for a black lesbian, the thing of utmost importance is her lesbianism, rather than her race. Many gays and lesbians of color attacked this approach, accusing it of re-inscribing an essentially white identity into the heart of gay or lesbian identity (Jagose, 1996).[36] We can divide its criticisms in three main ideas[37]: * It has a failing itineration, the “subjectless critique” of queer studies. * The unsustainable analysis of this failing self. * The methodological implication that scholars of sexuality end up reiterating and consolidating social categories Foucault's account of the modern construction of the homosexual, a starting point for much work in Queer Theory, is itself challenged by Rictor Norton, using the Molly House as one counter-example of a distinctly homosexual subculture before 1836.[38] He critiques the idea that people distinctly identifying in ways now associated with being gay did not exist before the medical construction of homosexual pathology in his book The Myth of the Modern Homosexual.[39] Queer theory underestimates the Foucauldian insight that power produces not just constraint, but also, pleasure, according to Barry Adam (2000) and Adam Isaiah Green (2010). Adam suggests that sexual identity categories, such as "gay", can have the effect of expanding the horizon of what is imaginable in a same-sex relationship, including a richer sense of the possibilities of same-sex love and dyadic commitment.[40] And Green argues that queer is itself an identity category that some self-identified "queer theorists" and "queer activists" use to consolidate a subject-position outside of the normalizing regimes of gender and sexuality.[41] These examples call into question the degree to which identity categories need be thought of as negative, in the evaluative sense of that term, as they underscore the self-determining potentials of the care of the self – an idea advanced first by Foucault in Volumes II and III of The History of Sexuality. The role of queer theory, and specifically its replacement of historical and sociological scholarship on lesbian and gay people's lives with the theorising of lesbian and gay issues, and the displacement of gay and lesbian studies by gender and queer studies, has been criticised by activist and writer Larry Kramer.[42][dead link][43][44] Kramer reports on a retrograde book by Richard Godbeer, a professor of history and gender studies at the University of Miami, called The Overflowing of Friendship. Kramer criticizes Godbeer’s account of 18th century Colonial times. Kramer writes, “Godbeer is hell-bent on convincing us that two men in Colonial America could have exceedingly obsessive and passionate relationships (he called them, variously, ‘sentimental,’ ‘loving,’ ‘romantic’) . . . [men would] spend many a night in bed together talking their hearts out, without the issue of sex arising in any way.” [45] Kramer does not agree with this theory and believes that the notion the same-sex sexual relationships and experiences existed. Another criticism is that queer theory, in part because it typically has recourse to a very technical jargon, is written by a narrow elite for that narrow elite. It is therefore class biased and also, in practice, only really known and referenced at universities and colleges (Malinowitz, 1993).[36] An initial criticism on queer theory is that precisely ‘queer’ does not refer to any specific sexual status or gender object choice For example Halperin (1995) [36] allows that straight persons may be ‘ queer,’ which some believe, robs gays and lesbians of the distinctiveness of what causes them to be marginalized. It desexualizes identity, when the issue is precisely about a sexual identity (Jagose, 1996).[36] Additionally, since queer theory refuses any reference to standard ideas of normality, cannot make crucial distinctions. For example, queer theorists usually argue that one of the advantages of the term ‘queer’ is that it includes transsexuals, sado-masochists, and other marginalized sexualities. How far does this extend? Is transgenerational sex (pedophilia) permissible?[citation needed] Outside the US, interest in queer theory has increased during the last decade. This interest has also opened new areas of inquiry within the field, especially in France and Brazil. In France, the Spanish philosopher Beatriz Preciado has created important new queer works like Manifesto Contrasexual (2002), Testo Yonqui (2008) and Pornotopia (2010). In Brazil, queer theory has influenced the education field, thanks to the work of Guacira Lopes Louro and her followers. [edit] Post–queer theory Question book-new.svg This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability. The problems of capturing identity and a subject in queer theory have not gone unnoticed. Fifteen years into the development, there is now a significant literature that demonstrates epistemological, methodological and political shortcomings attendant to its deconstructionist project. At the end of the 2000s, some academics have proposed a post–queer theory to resolve the inadequacies of queer theory, namely to have real-life impact on the queer and broader communities. [edit] Future directions: phenomenology and queer theory In response to the criticisms that queer theory has failed to address the real-life experiences of queer persons, several theorists have argued for a return to experience-based theorizing, though not of the kind seen in 1970s second-wave feminist theory. In order to avoid the trappings of a naive reading of experience and the inadequacies of identity politics, theorists, including Sara Ahmed,[46] David Ross Fryer,[47] and Sara Heinamaa,[48] have posited phenomenology as a starting point for doing queer theory. [edit] See also * Essentialism * Gender role * Performative interval * Performativity * Post-feminism * Postmodern feminism * Social constructionism * Third-wave feminism [edit] Theorists * Sara Ahmed * Gloria E. Anzaldúa * Lauren Berlant * Leo Bersani * Judith Butler * Aaron Betsky * Micha Cardenas * Samuel Chambers * Tim Dean * Jennifer Doyle * Lee Edelman * Didier Eribon * Diana Fuss * David Ross Fryer * Jane Gallop * Elizabeth Grosz * Jack a.k.a. Judith Halberstam * David Halperin * Annamarie Jagose * Laura Kipnis * Wayne Koestenbaum * Kevin Kopelson * Elisabeth Ladenson * D.A. Miller * Richard Miskolci * José Esteban Muñoz * Geeta Patel * Elspeth Probyn * Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick * Alan Sinfield * William B. Turner (theorist) * Michael Warner * Kath Weston * Robyn Wiegman * Riki Wilchins http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_theory

Queer studies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Not to be confused with Queer theory. Queer studies is the critical theory based study of issues relating to sexual orientation and gender identity usually focusing on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) people and cultures. Universities have also labeled this area of analysis Sexual Diversity Studies, Sexualities Studies or LGBTQ Studies (Q for "Questioning"). Once only meaning odd or unusual, and later an anti-gay epithet, "queer" used in reference to LGBT communities remains controversial.[citation needed] Originally centered on LGBT history and literary theory, the field has expanded to include the academic study of issues raised in biology, sociology, anthropology, the history of science,[1] philosophy, psychology, political science, ethics, and other fields by an examination of the identity, lives, history, and perception of queer people. Marianne LaFrance, the former chair of the Larry Kramer Initiative for Lesbian and Gay Studies at Yale University,[2] says, "Now we're asking not just 'What causes homosexuality?' [but also] 'What causes heterosexuality?' and 'Why is sexuality so central in some people's perspective?'"[1] Founding scholar of the discipline, the late Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick Queer studies is not the same as queer theory, an analytical viewpoint within queer studies (centered on literary studies and philosophy) that challenges the putatively "socially constructed" categories of sexual identity.[1] Contents [hide] * 1 Background * 2 History o 2.1 Yale-Kramer controversy * 3 See also * 4 References * 5 Further reading * 6 External links [edit] Background Though a new discipline, a growing number of colleges have begun offering academic programs related to sex, sexuality, and sexual orientation.[3] There are currently over 40 certificate and degree granting programs with at least five institutions in the United States offering an undergraduate major; a growing number of similar courses are offered in countries other than the United States. In 2003, the most substantial programs at City College of San Francisco, the City University of New York, University of California, Berkeley, the University of Chicago, SUNY Purchase College and New York University.[1] Other colleges that provide degrees in the subject include Yale University, University of California, Los Angeles, Sarah Lawrence College, University of Maryland, DePaul University, Syracuse University(a minor), St. Andrews University, California State University Northridge, Portland State University, University of North Texas, and University of Toronto. Often drawing inspiration from Michel Foucault, founding scholars of queer studies include , Judith Butler, Lauren Berlant, Teresa di Laurentis, Judith Halberstam, David Halperin, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, and Michael Warner. Because of some of its major strands of analysis are related to public perceptions, emphasis is often placed on the integration of theory and practice, with many programs encouraging community service work, community involvement, and activist work in addition to academic reading and research.[citation needed] Techniques in queer studies include the search for queer influences and themes in works of literature, the analysis of political currents linking the oppression of women, racialized groups, and disadvantaged classes with that of queer people, and the search for queer figures and trends in history that queer studies scholars view as having been ignored and excluded from the canon[citation needed]. Professor Kevin Floyd has argued that the formative arguments for Marxism and those that have been the basis for queer theory should be reformulated to examine the dissociation of sexuality from gender at the beginning of the twentieth century in terms of reification, and to claim that this dissociation is one aspect of a larger dynamic of social "reification" enforced by capitalism.[4] [edit] History Lesbian and gay studies originated in the 1970s with the publication of several "seminal works of gay history. Inspired by ethnic studies, women's studies, and similar identity-based academic fields influenced by the critical theory of the Frankfurt School, the initial emphasis was on "uncovering the suppressed history of gay and lesbian life;" it also made its way into literature departments, where the emphasis was on literary theory.[1] Queer theory soon developed, challenging the "socially constructed" categories of sexual identity.[1] The first undergraduate course in the United States on LGBTQ studies was taught at the University of California, Berkeley in the spring of 1970.[5] It was followed by similar courses in the fall of 1970 at Southern Illinois University Edwardsville and at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln (UNL).[5] The UNL course, taught by Louis Crompton, led to the introduction in the state legislature of a bill (eventually defeated) which would have banned all discussion of homosexuality in that state's universities and colleges.[5] According to Harvard University, the City University of New York began the first university program in gay and lesbian studies in 1986.[3][6] The City College of San Francisco claims to be the "First Queer Studies Department in the U.S.,"[7] with English instructor Dan Allen having developed one of the first gay literature courses in the country in Fall 1972, and the college establishing what it calls "the first Gay and Lesbian Studies Department in the United States" in 1989.[8] Then-department chair Jonathan David Katz was the first tenured faculty in queer studies in the country.[2] Historians John Boswell and Martin Duberman made Yale University a notable center of lesbian and gay studies in the late 1980s and early 1990s.[1] Each published several books on gay history; Boswell held three biennial conferences on the subject at the university, and Duberman sought to establish a center for lesbian and gay studies there in 1985.[1] However, Boswell died in 1994, and in 1991 Duberman left for the City University of New York, where he founded its Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies.[1] A 1993 alumnus gift evolved into the faculty committee-administered Fund for Lesbian and Gay Studies, which developed a listing of courses relevant to lesbian and gay studies called the "Pink Book" and established a small lending library named for Boswell. The committee began to oversee a series of one-year visiting professorships in 1994.[1] [edit] Yale-Kramer controversy In 1997, writer and AIDS activist Larry Kramer offered his alma mater Yale $4 million (and his personal papers) to endow a permanent, tenured professorship in gay studies, and possibly build a gay and lesbian student center.[6][9] His requirements were specific, as Yale was to use the money solely for "1) the study of and/or instruction in gay male literature..." including a tenured position, "and/or 2) the establishment of a gay student center at Yale..." [6] With gender, ethnic and race-related studies still relatively new, then-Yale provost Alison Richard said that gay and lesbian studies was too narrow a specialty for a program in perpetuity,[6] indicating a wish to compromise on some of the conditions Kramer had asserted.[6] Negotiations broke down as Kramer, frustrated by what he perceived to be "homophobic" resistance, condemned the university in a front page story in The New York Times.[6][9] According to Kramer, he subsequently received letters from more than 100 institutions of higher learning "begging me to consider them."[6] In 2001, Yale accepted a $1 million grant from his older brother, money manager Arthur Kramer, to establish the Larry Kramer Initiative for Lesbian and Gay Studies.[1][10] The 5-year program aimed to bring in visiting faculty, host conferences and lectures, and coordinate academic endeavors in lesbian and gay studies.[1][10] Jonathan David Katz assumed the role of executive coordinator in 2002; in 2003 he commented that while women's studies or African American studies have been embraced by American universities, lesbian and gay studies have not.[1] He blamed institutionalised fear of alienating alumni of private universities, or legislators who fund public ones.[1] The Larry Kramer Initiative ended in 2006. In June 2009, Harvard University announced that it will establish an endowed chair in LGBT studies.[3][6][11] Believing the post to be "the first professorship of its kind in the country,"[6] Harvard President Drew G. Faust called it “an important milestone.”[3][11] Funded by a $1.5 million gift from the members and supporters of the Harvard Gay & Lesbian Caucus,[12] the F. O. Matthiessen Visiting Professorship of Gender and Sexuality is named for a mid-20th century gay Harvard American studies scholar and literary critic[3][11] who chaired the undergraduate program in history and literature.[3] Harvard Board of Overseers member Mitchell L. Adams said, “This is an extraordinary moment in Harvard’s history and in the history of this rapidly emerging field ... And because of Harvard’s leadership in academia and the world, this gift will foster continued progress toward a more inclusive society.”[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queer_studies

Prism

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from PRISM) Jump to: navigation, search Look up prism in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Prism may refer to: [edit] Science and mathematics * Prism (optics), a transparent object which refracts light o Dispersive prism, the most familiar type of optical prism * Prism (geometry), a kind of polyhedron * Prism (geology), a type of sedimentary deposit [edit] Media and entertainment [edit] Books, comics and magazines * Prism (comics), a Marvel Comics character * Prism magazine (New Zealand), a Christian periodical * PRISM international, a Canadian literary magazine * ASEE Prism, the flagship publication of the American Society for Engineering Education [edit] Music * Prism (band), a Canadian rock band o Prism (Prism album), the debut album of the Canadian band * Prism (Japanese band), a jazz fusion band * Prism (Jeff Scott Soto album) * Prism (Yoshida Brothers album) * Prism Records, a record label * Prism, a marimba piece by Keiko Abe [edit] Multi Channel Publishing * PRISM - Publishing Requirements for Industry Standard Metadata (XML metadata vocabularies for syndicating, aggregating, post-processing and multi-purposing content.) [edit] Other * PRISM (TV channel), a defunct cable television channel in Philadelphia * Prism (street artist), a street artist from Melbourne , Australia [edit] Computing and software * PRISM (chipset), a wireless networking chipset * Apollo PRISM, a microprocessor made by Apollo Computer * DEC PRISM, a microprocessor made by Digital Equipment Corporation * Delphi Prism, a software development environment for .NET and Mono * Mozilla Prism, a software product for desktop integration of web applications * SGI Prism, a computer * IBM's PR/SM, a mainframe hypervisor * PRISM model checker, a probabilistic model checker * GraphPad Prism, software for scientific graphing, biostatistics and curve fitting (nonlinear regression), available for Windows and Mac [edit] Education * PRISM (Portal Resources for Indiana Science and Mathematics), a website for teachers [edit] Other meanings * Nokia Prism, a fashion mobile phone collection * Oregon Performance Reporting Information System, a state agency * Prism Micro Products, a British telecommunications company that produced modems for the Micronet800 network

Pavel Novotný (pornographic actor)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Pavel Novotný (porn star)) Jump to: navigation, search Pavel Novotný Born Jaroslav Jirík[1] February 5, 1977 (1977-02-05) (age 35) Prague, Czechoslovakia (present Czech Republic) Other names Pavel Novotny, Max Orloff, Jan Dvorak[2] Ethnicity Czech Height 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) Weight 200 lb (91 kg; 14 st) Pavel Novotný (born Jaroslav Jirík 5 February 1977) is a Czech pornographic actor and photographic model who has appeared in gay, bisexual, and straight adult films. Novotný won the 2002 Adult Erotic Gay Video Awards ("Grabbys") Editors Choice Award for Best International Actor for his role in The Jan Dvorak Story (William Higgins Productions).[2][3] In March 2009, Mr. Jirik was arrested in Havana Cuba for causing a disturbance at the airport. Entertainer George Michael provided legal and financial aid until Jirik was released and returned to the Czech Republic in May 2010. Contents [hide] * 1 Selected videography o 1.1 As Pavel Novotny o 1.2 As Jan Dvorak o 1.3 As Jaroslav & Max Orloff o 1.4 As Jakub Moltin * 2 See also * 3 References * 4 External links [edit] Selected videography [edit] As Pavel Novotny * Czech Point (1999) Studio 2000 * Prague Rising (2000) Studio 2000 [edit] As Jan Dvorak * Prague Buddies 2 (2000) - William Higgins * Jan Dvorak's Story (2001) - William Higgins * Bi the Blue Line (2002) (Bisexual) - Man's Best / U.S. Male * Czech Firemen (2002) - Man's Best / U.S. Male * Stranger In The City (2005) - Dream Entertainment [edit] As Jaroslav & Max Orloff * 101 Men Part 4 (1998) - Bel Ami * Under The Big Top (2003) - Sarava (division of Kristen Bjorn) * Team Play (2000) - Bel Ami * Coverboys (2001) - Bel Ami [edit] As Jakub Moltin * Cocktail Gang Bang (2000) - Jet Set Men

Paraphilia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Paraphilia Classification and external resources MeSH D010262 Paraphilia (in Greek para pa?? = beside and -philia f???a = friendship, meaning love) is a biomedical term used to describe sexual arousal to objects, situations, or individuals that are not part of normative stimulation and that may cause distress or serious problems for the paraphiliac or persons associated with him or her. A paraphilia involves sexual arousal and gratification towards sexual behavior that is atypical or extreme.[1] The term was coined by Wilhelm Stekel in the 1920s.[2] Sexologist John Money later popularized the term as a nonpejorative designation for unusual sexual interests.[3][4][5][6] He described paraphilia as "a sexuoerotic embellishment of, or alternative to the official, ideological norm."[7] In the late 19th century, psychologists and psychiatrists started to categorize various paraphilias as they wanted a more descriptive system than the legal and religious constructs of sodomy[8] and perversion.[9] Before the introduction of the term paraphilia in the DSM-III (1980), the term sexual deviation was used to refer to paraphilias in the first two editions of the manual.[10] In 1981 an article published in American Journal of Psychiatry described paraphilia as "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors generally involving:[11] 1. Non-human objects 2. The suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner 3. Children 4. Non-consenting persons[12] Until 1973, homosexuality was included in this list.[13][14][15][16] The view of paraphilias as disorders is not universal. Some groups seeking greater understanding and acceptance of sexual diversity have lobbied for changes to the legal and medical status of unusual sexual interests and practices. Charles Allen Moser, a physician and advocate for sexual minorities, has argued that the diagnoses should be eliminated from diagnostic manuals.[17] Psychiatrist Glen Gabbard writes that despite efforts by Stekel and Money, "the term paraphilia remains pejorative in most circumstances."[18] In the current version of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR), a paraphilia is not diagnosable as a psychiatric disorder unless it causes distress to the individual or harm to others.[1] The DSM-5 draft adds a terminology distinction between the two cases, stating that "paraphilias are not ipso facto psychiatric disorders", and defining paraphilic disorder as "a paraphilia that causes distress or impairment to the individual or harm to others".[19] This will make a clear distinction between a healthy person with a non-normative sexual behavior and a person with a psychopathological non-normative sexual behavior. Contents [hide] * 1 General concerns o 1.1 Terminological o 1.2 Classification o 1.3 Homosexuality * 2 Clinical views o 2.1 Neurodevelopmental correlates in men o 2.2 Classifications and theories o 2.3 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders + 2.3.1 DSM-I and DSM-II + 2.3.2 DSM-III through DSM-IV-TR + 2.3.3 DSM-5 draft o 2.4 Intensity and specificity o 2.5 Drug treatments + 2.5.1 Hormonal + 2.5.2 Psychoactive * 3 United States legal cases * 4 See also * 5 References * 6 External links [edit] General concerns [edit] Terminological Paraphilial psychopathology is not the same as psychologically normative adult human sexual behaviors, sexual fantasy, and sex play. These terms have been used in interchangeable ways which can allow for cognitive and clinical diagnostic misjudgment to occur. Consensual adult activities and adult entertainment that may involve some aspects of sexual roleplay, novel, superficial, or trivial aspects of sexual fetishism, or may incorporate the use of sex toys are not necessarily paraphilic.[12] [edit] Classification It is not known how many different kinds of paraphilias exist; one source lists as many as 549 paraphilias.[20] Because so many paraphilias exist, one needs to classify them in an orderly and meaningful way. It has long been argued that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) system of classification makes unjustified categorical distinctions between disorders, and between normal and abnormal. Although the DSM-5 may move away from this categorical approach in some limited areas, some argue that a fully dimensional, spectrum or complaint-oriented approach would better reflect the evidence.[21][22] There is scientific and political controversy regarding the continued inclusion of sex-related diagnoses such as the paraphilias in the DSM.[23] [edit] Homosexuality Homosexuality was at one time categorized as a form of paraphilia.[14] Sigmund Freud and his proponents considered homosexuality and paraphilias to be forms of psychosexual infantilism. In a 1951 symposium discussing psychiatrist Benjamin Karpman's paper "The Sexual Psychopath,"[24] psychiatrist Emil Gutheil said, "Looking back upon my own experience with so-called psychopaths, I find one characteristic they all have in common, and that is their infantilism. Take the man who is a homosexual. In his paraphilia he regresses to the time he was bisexual, that is, to his infantile level."[24] By the mid-20th century, mental health practitioners began formalizing "deviant sexuality" classifications into categories. Researcher Anil Aggrawal writes that the 1952 first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) specified "the type of the pathological behavior, such as homosexuality, transvestism, pedophilia, fetishism, and sexual sadism, including rape, sexual assault, mutilation)."[25] Originally coded as 000-x63, homosexuality was the top of the classification list (Code 302.0) until the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality from the DSM in 1973. Other organizations followed suit, including the American Psychological Association in 1975, and the National Association of Social Workers.[26] Martin Kafka writes, "Sexual disorders once considered paraphilias (e.g., homosexuality) are now regarded as variants of normal sexuality."[16] A 2012 literature study comparing homosexuality with paraphilias confirmed that homosexuality was sufficiently dissimilar from the paraphilias as to be considered an unrelated construct.[27] [edit] Clinical views Unbalanced scales.svg An editor has expressed a concern that this article lends undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, controversies or matters relative to the article subject as a whole. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (October 2010) [edit] Neurodevelopmental correlates in men The causes of paraphilic sexual preferences in men are unclear, although a growing body of research points to a possible prenatal neurodevelopmental correlation. A 2008 study analyzing the sexual fantasies of 200 heterosexual men by using the Wilson Sex Fantasy Questionnaire exam, determined that males with a pronounced degree of fetish interest had a greater number of older brothers, a high 2D:4D digit ratio (which would indicate excessive prenatal estrogen exposure), and an elevated probability of being left-handed, suggesting that disturbed hemispheric brain lateralization may play a role in deviant attractions.[28] [edit] Classifications and theories Albert Eulenburg (1914) noted a commonality across the paraphilias, using the terminology of his time, "All the forms of sexual perversion...have one thing in common: their roots reach down into the matrix of natural and normal sex life; there they are somehow closely connected with the feelings and expressions of our physiological erotism. They are...hyperbolic intensifications, distortions, monstrous fruits of certain partial and secondary expressions of this erotism which is considered 'normal' or at least within the limits of healthy sex feeling."[29] The clinical literature contains reports of many paraphilias, only some of which receive their own entries in the diagnostic taxonomies of the American Psychiatric Association or the World Health Organization.[30][31] There is disagreement regarding which sexual interests should be deemed paraphilic disorders versus normal variants of sexual interest. For example, as of May 2000, per DSM-IV-TR, "Because some cases of Sexual Sadism may not involve harm to a victim (e.g., inflicting humiliation on a consenting partner), the wording for sexual sadism involves a hybrid of the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV wording (i.e., “the person has acted on these urges with a non-consenting person, or the urges, sexual fantasies, or behaviors cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty”)".[32] [edit] Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [edit] DSM-I and DSM-II In American psychiatry, prior to the publication of the DSM-I, paraphilias were classified as cases of "psychopathic personality with pathologic sexuality". The DSM-I (1952) included sexual deviation as a personality disorder of sociopathic subtype. The only diagnostic guidance was that sexual deviation should have been "reserved for deviant sexuality which [was] not symptomatic of more extensive syndromes, such as schizophrenic or obsessional reactions". The specifics of the disorder were to be provided by the clinician as a "supplementary term" to the sexual deviation diagnosis; examples of this supplementary term provided in the DSM-I included homosexuality, transvestism, pedophilia, fetishism, and sexual sadism, including rape. There were no restrictions in the DSM-I on what this supplementary term could be.[33] The DSM-II (1968) continued to use the term "sexual deviations", but no longer ascribed them under personality disorders, but rather them alongside them in a broad category titled "personality disorders and certain other nonpsychotic mental disorders". The types of sexual deviations listed in the DSM-II were: sexual orientation disturbance (homosexuality), fetishism, pedophilia, transvestitism (sic), exhibitionism, voyeurism, sadism, masochism, and "other sexual deviation". No definition or examples were provided for "other sexual deviation", but the general category of sexual deviation was meant to describe the sexual preference of individuals that was "directed primarily toward objects other than people of opposite sex, toward sexual acts not usually associated with coitus, or toward coitus performed under bizarre circumstances, as in necrophilia, pedophilia, sexual sadism, and fetishism."[34] Except for the removal of homosexuality from the DSM-III onwards, this definition provided a general standard that has guided specific definitions of paraphilias in subsequent DSM editions, up to DSM-IV-TR.[35] [edit] DSM-III through DSM-IV-TR The term "paraphilia" was introduced in the DSM-III (1980) as a subset of the new category of "psychosexual disorders". The types of paraphlias listed were: fetishism, transvestism, zoophilia, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, sexual masochism, sexual sadism, and "atypical paraphilia". The DSM-III-R (1987) renamed the broad category to sexual disorders, renamed atypical paraphilia to paraphilia NOS (not otherwise specified), finessed transvestism as transvestic fetishism, added frotteurism, and removed zoophilia, relegating it to the NOS category. It also provided seven nonexhaustive examples of NOS paraphilias, which besides zoophilia included telephone scatologia, necrophilia, partialism, coprophilia, klismaphilia, and urophilia.[36] The DSM-IV (1994) retained the sexual disorders classification for paraphlias, but added an even broader category, "sexual and gender identity disorders", which includes them. The DSM-IV retained the same types of paraphilias listed in DSM-III-R, including the NOS examples, but introduced some changes to the definitions of some specific types.[35] Paraphilias are defined by DSM-IV-TR as sexual disorders characterized by "recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges or behaviors generally involving (1) nonhuman objects, (2) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or one's partner, or (3) children or other nonconsenting persons that occur over a period of 6 months" (Criterion A), which "cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning" (Criterion B). DSM-IV-TR describes 8 specific disorders of this type (exhibitionism, fetishism, frotteurism, pedophilia, sexual masochism, sexual sadism, voyeurism, and transvestic fetishism) along with a ninth residual category, paraphilia not otherwise specified (NOS).[37] Criterion B differs for exhibitionism, frotteurism, and pedophilia to include acting on these urges, and for sadism, acting on these urges with a nonconsenting person.[12] Some paraphilias may interfere with the capacity for sexual activity with consenting adult partners.[12] According to the DSM, "Paraphilias are almost never diagnosed in females,"[12] but some case studies of females with paraphilias have been published.[38] The DSM provides clinical criteria for these paraphilias: * Exhibitionism: the recurrent urge or behavior to expose one's genitals to an unsuspecting person, or to perform sexual acts that can be watched by others. * Fetishism: the use of inanimate objects to gain sexual excitement. Partialism refers to fetishes specifically involving nonsexual parts of the body. * Frotteurism: recurrent urges of behavior of touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person. * Pedophilia: strong sexual attraction to prepubescent children.[39] * Sexual Masochism: the recurrent urge or behavior of wanting to be humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer for sexual pleasure. * Sexual Sadism: the recurrent urge or behavior involving acts in which the pain or humiliation of a person is sexually exciting. * Transvestic fetishism: arousal from wearing "clothing associated with members of the opposite sex."[12][40] * Voyeurism: the recurrent urge or behavior to observe an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activities, or who is engaging in activities usually considered to be of a private nature.[41][42] Under Paraphilia NOS, the DSM mentions telephone scatalogia (obscene phone calls), necrophilia (corpses), partialism (exclusive focus on one part of the body), zoophilia (animals), coprophilia (feces), klismaphilia (enemas), urophilia (urine), emetophilia (vomit). The DSM's Paraphilia NOS is equivalent to the ICD-9's Sexual Disorder NOS. Sexual arousal in association with objects that were designed for sexual purposes is not diagnosable in DSM-IV (DSM, p. 570).[12] [edit] DSM-5 draft The DSM-5 Paraphilias Subworkgroup reached a "consensus that paraphilias are not ipso facto psychiatric disorders", and proposed "that the DSM-V make a distinction between paraphilias and paraphilic disorders. A paraphilia by itself would not automatically justify or require psychiatric intervention. A paraphilic disorder is a paraphilia that causes distress or impairment to the individual or harm to others. One would ascertain a paraphilia (according to the nature of the urges, fantasies, or behaviors) but diagnose a paraphilic disorder (on the basis of distress and impairment). In this conception, having a paraphilia would be a necessary but not a sufficient condition for having a paraphilic disorder." The 'Rationale' page of any paraphilia in the electronic DSM-5 draft continues: "This approach leaves intact the distinction between normative and non-normative sexual behavior, which could be important to researchers, but without automatically labeling non-normative sexual behavior as psychopathological. It also eliminates certain logical absurdities in the DSM-IV-TR. In that version, for example, a man cannot be classified as a transvestite—however much he cross-dresses and however sexually exciting that is to him—unless he is unhappy about this activity or impaired by it. This change in viewpoint would be reflected in the diagnostic criteria sets by the addition of the word “Disorder” to all the paraphilias. Thus, Sexual Sadism would become Sexual Sadism Disorder; Sexual Masochism would become Sexual Masochism Disorder, and so on."[19] Bioethics professor Alice Dreger interpreted these changes as "a subtle way of saying sexual kinks are basically okay – so okay, the sub-work group doesn’t actually bother to define paraphilia. But a paraphilic disorder is defined: that’s when an atypical sexual interest causes distress or impairment to the individual or harm to others." Interviewed by Dreger, Ray Blanchard, the Chair of the Paraphilias Sub-Work Group, explained: "We tried to go as far as we could in depathologizing mild and harmless paraphilias, while recognizing that severe paraphilias that distress or impair people or cause them to do harm to others are validly regarded as disorders."[43] Charles Allen Moser pointed out that this change is not really substantive as DSM-IV already acknowledged a difference between paraphilias and non-pathological but unusual sexual interests, a distinction that is virtually identical to what is being proposed for DSM-5, and it is a distinction that, in practice, has often been ignored.[44] Linguist A. C. Hinderliter argued that "Including some sexual interests—but not others—in the DSM creates a fundamental asymmetry and communicates a negative value judgment against the sexual interests included," and leaves the paraphilias in a situation similar to ego-dystonic homosexuality, which was removed from the DSM because it did not meet the DSM's definition of mental disorder.[45] Historian and philosopher of science Patrick Singy claims that the DSM-5 is about to drastically loosen the criteria for paraphilias and to make them directly dependent on cultural values. The DSM-5 will then be closer to the DSM-I and DSM-II than to their successors, which all were at least trying to separate the concept of "mental disorder" from cultural norms, and which made "harm" or "distress" a necessary condition for having a mental disorder.[46] [edit] Intensity and specificity Clinicians distinguish between optional, preferred and exclusive paraphilias,[12] though the terminology is not completely standardized. An "optional" paraphilia is an alternative route to sexual arousal. For example, a man with otherwise unremarkable sexual interests might sometimes seek or enhance sexual arousal by wearing women's underwear. In preferred paraphilias, a person prefers the paraphilia to conventional sexual activities, but also engages in conventional sexual activities. For example, a man might prefer to wear women's underwear during sexual activity, whenever possible. In exclusive paraphilias, a person is unable to become sexually aroused in the absence of the paraphilia.[citation needed] The literature includes single-case studies of exceedingly rare and idiosyncratic paraphilias. These include an adolescent male who had a strong fetishistic interest in the exhaust pipes of cars, a young man with a similar interest in a specific type of car, and a man who had a paraphilic interest in sneezing (both his own and the sneezing of others).[47][48] See also List of paraphilias. [edit] Drug treatments The treatment of paraphilias and related disorders has been challenging for patients and clinicians. In the past, surgical castration was advocated as a therapy for men with pedophilia, but has been abandoned for the time being because most governments consider it a cruel punishment where the express willingness and consent of the patient is not objectively indicated. Psychotherapy, self-help groups, and pharmacotherapy (including anti-androgen hormone therapy sometimes referred to as "chemical castration") have all been used. Other drug treatments for these disorders do exist, however.[49] [edit] Hormonal Antiandrogenic drugs such as medroxyprogesterone (also known as the long-acting contraceptive Depo Provera) have been widely used as therapy in these men to reduce sex drive. However, their efficacy is limited and they have many side effects, including breast growth, headaches, weight gain, and reduction in bone density. Even if compliance is good, only 60 to 80 percent of men benefit from this type of drug. Long-acting gonadotropin-releasing hormones, such as Triptorelin (Trelstar) which reduces the release of gonadotropin hormones, are also used. This drug is a synthetic hormone which may also lead to reduced sex drive.[49] [edit] Psychoactive Psychostimulants have been used recently to augment the effects of serotonergic drugs in paraphiliacs. In theory, the prescription of a psychostimulant without pretreatment with an SSRI might further disinhibit sexual behavior, but when taken together, the psychostimulant may actually reduce impulsive tendencies. Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is an amphetamine-like stimulant used primarily to manage the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Recent studies imply that methylphenidate may also act on serotonergic systems; this may be important in explaining the paradoxical calming effect of stimulants on ADHD patients. Amphetamine is also used medically as an adjunct to antidepressants in refractory cases of depression.[49] [edit] United States legal cases In the United States, following a series of landmark cases in the Supreme Court of the United States, persons diagnosed with paraphilias and a history of anti-social behavior, particularly pedophilia (Kansas v. Hendricks, 1997) and exhibitionism (Kansas v. Crane, 2002), can be held indefinitely in civil confinement under various state legislation generically known as Sexually violent predator laws[50][51] and the federal Adam Walsh Act (United States v. Comstock, 2010).[52][53]