Self-Determination Theory (SDT)

 

Self-Determination Theory (SDT) is a psychological theory of human motivation and personality developed by Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan in the 1980s. It focuses on the degree to which human behavior is self-motivated and self-determined.

At its core, SDT suggests that people have three basic psychological needs that must be satisfied for growth, motivation, and well-being:

1. Autonomy – the need to feel in control of one’s own behaviors and goals.
   (Having choice, acting with a sense of volition rather than being forced.)

2. Competence – the need to feel effective in interacting with the environment.
   (Mastering tasks, gaining skills, and experiencing achievement.)

3. Relatedness – the need to feel connected to, cared for, and belonging with others.
   (Building meaningful social relationships and being valued in groups.)

Key Types of Motivation in SDT

SDT distinguishes between different forms of motivation based on the degree of self-determination:

• Intrinsic motivation – doing something because it is inherently interesting or enjoyable.

• Extrinsic motivation – doing something because it leads to a separable outcome (e.g., rewards, grades, recognition). Within extrinsic motivation, SDT identifies a continuum:

  • External regulation (least autonomous: motivated by rewards/punishments)

  • Introjected regulation (internal pressure, like guilt or obligation)

  • Identified regulation (valuing the activity personally, even if not enjoyable)

  • Integrated regulation (most autonomous form of extrinsic motivation; aligning with personal values and identity)

• Amotivation – lack of intention or motivation to act.

Applications

SDT is widely applied in:

• Education – fostering autonomy-supportive teaching to improve learning motivation.

• Workplace – promoting employee engagement and well-being.

• Health & Sports – supporting sustainable lifestyle changes and performance.

• Parenting – encouraging children’s growth through autonomy and support.