Penelitian R&D (Research and Development) atau penelitian pengembangan

 

Penelitian R&D (Research and Development) atau penelitian pengembangan adalah jenis penelitian yang bertujuan menghasilkan produk baru atau menyempurnakan produk yang sudah ada, serta menguji keefektifan produk tersebut. Produk yang dimaksud bisa berupa alat, media pembelajaran, model, modul, kurikulum, sistem, prosedur, atau strategi pembelajaran.

Berikut penjelasan lengkapnya 👇

💡 1. Pengertian Penelitian R&D

Penelitian dan Pengembangan (Research and Development) adalah suatu proses untuk menemukan, mengembangkan, dan memvalidasi suatu produk pendidikan atau teknologi agar dapat digunakan secara efektif dalam konteks tertentu.

Menurut Borg & Gall (1983):

“Educational Research and Development is a process used to develop and validate educational products.”

Artinya, R&D tidak hanya membuat produk baru, tetapi juga mengujinya hingga terbukti efektif.

⚙️ 2. Tujuan Penelitian R&D

1. Menghasilkan produk baru yang bermanfaat.
2. Menyempurnakan produk yang sudah ada agar lebih efektif.
3. Menguji keefektifan dan kelayakan produk sebelum diterapkan secara luas.
4. Menyediakan dasar empiris bagi inovasi dalam pendidikan atau teknologi.

🧩 3. Contoh Produk R&D dalam Pendidikan

• Model pembelajaran baru (misalnya: Blended Learning Model for EFL).
• Media pembelajaran interaktif berbasis aplikasi.
• Modul pembelajaran berbasis HOTS.
• Instrumen penilaian kompetensi abad 21.
• RPS (Rencana Pembelajaran Semester) berbasis AI Literacy.

🧭 4. Langkah-Langkah Penelitian R&D (Versi Borg & Gall)

Secara klasik ada 10 langkah utama, yaitu:

1. Research and Information Collection – Studi pendahuluan dan kajian pustaka.
2. Planning – Merancang tujuan, desain produk, dan instrumen.
3. Develop Preliminary Form of Product – Mengembangkan prototipe awal.
4. Preliminary Field Testing – Uji coba awal skala kecil.
5. Main Product Revision – Revisi berdasarkan hasil uji coba awal.
6. Main Field Testing – Uji coba utama pada skala lebih besar.
7. Operational Product Revision – Revisi produk berdasarkan hasil uji utama.
8. Operational Field Testing – Uji coba operasional (di kondisi nyata).
9. Final Product Revision – Penyempurnaan produk akhir.
10. Dissemination and Implementation – Publikasi dan penerapan produk.

Namun dalam konteks pendidikan di Indonesia, banyak peneliti menggunakan versi modifikasi yang lebih sederhana, seperti 4D Model atau ADDIE Model.

🔄 5. Model R&D yang Sering Digunakan

Model	Tahapan	Fokus
Borg & Gall	10 tahap	Komprehensif, untuk produk pendidikan kompleks
Sugiyono (2015)	7–10 tahap	Disesuaikan dengan konteks Indonesia
4D Model (Thiagarajan)	Define – Design – Develop – Disseminate	Umum untuk pengembangan bahan ajar
ADDIE Model	Analysis – Design – Development – Implementation – Evaluation	Banyak digunakan untuk media pembelajaran digital

🧠 6. Ciri Khas Penelitian R&D

• Ada produk konkret yang dikembangkan.
• Ada uji coba (testing) dan revisi.
• Menggabungkan penelitian dan pengembangan teknologi.
• Bertujuan praktis dan aplikatif, bukan hanya teoretis.

🧾 7. Contoh Judul Penelitian R&D

• Pengembangan Modul Pembelajaran Berbasis HOTS untuk Calon Guru SD di Era AI.
• Developing AI Literacy-Based Teaching Model for Elementary School Teacher Education Students.
• Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Interaktif Berbasis Canva untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Mahasiswa PGSD.

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