Johannes Vermeer (1632–1675, Netherlands):

 

Here’s a detailed overview of Johannes Vermeer (1632–1675, Netherlands):

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Biography

• Born: October 31, 1632, Delft, Netherlands

• Died: December 15, 1675, Delft, Netherlands

• Nationality: Dutch

• Occupation: Painter

• Known For: Genre paintings of domestic interior scenes

Vermeer lived his entire life in Delft and was relatively obscure during his lifetime, achieving only moderate success. He came from a middle-class family and joined the Guild of Saint Luke, the local artists’ guild, in 1653. His work is notable for its meticulous attention to detail, masterful use of light, and serene depiction of everyday life.

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Artistic Style and Techniques

• Genre: Mainly domestic interior scenes, portraits, and occasionally historical/religious subjects

• Light: Vermeer is famous for his extraordinary handling of natural light, often streaming through windows and softly illuminating his subjects.

• Color and Materials: He frequently used ultramarine blue, derived from lapis lazuli, which was very expensive at the time.

• Perspective and Composition: Balanced compositions with geometric precision; subtle use of perspective creates depth and realism.

• Camera Obscura Theory: Some scholars suggest he may have used a camera obscura to aid in the precise rendering of light and perspective.

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Notable Works

1. Girl with a Pearl Earring (c. 1665) – Often called the “Mona Lisa of the North,” a luminous tronie portrait.

2. The Milkmaid (c. 1657–1658) – A depiction of a domestic servant pouring milk; celebrated for texture and light.

3. View of Delft (c. 1660–1661) – A cityscape, showcasing his exceptional ability with light and atmosphere.

4. The Art of Painting (c. 1666–1668) – A meta-painting depicting an artist at work in a studio.

5. Woman Holding a Balance (c. 1664) – A subtle meditation on morality, wealth, and transience.

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Legacy

• Vermeer’s output was relatively small, around 34–36 known paintings, but his work is now considered some of the finest of the Dutch Golden Age.

• He profoundly influenced later artists for his mastery of light, color, and composition, including Impressionists and 20th-century painters.

• Rediscovered in the 19th century, Vermeer is now regarded as a master of realism and domestic scenes.