major kingdoms in Indonesia

 

timeline table of major kingdoms in Indonesia, including approximate dates and key notes:

Kingdom	Approx. Era	Location	Key Notes / Achievements
Kutai	4th – 5th century CE	East Kalimantan	First known Hindu kingdom in Indonesia; inscriptions in Sanskrit; early trade with India.
Tarumanagara	4th – 7th century CE	West Java	One of the oldest Hindu kingdoms in Java; known for inscriptions (Tugu, Ciaruteun).
Kalingga / Galuh	6th – 7th century CE	Central Java	Early Hindu-Buddhist kingdom; associated with Queen Shima.
Mataram Kingdom (Ancient / Medang)	8th – 10th century CE	Central Java & later East Java	Built Borobudur and Prambanan; center of Hindu-Buddhist culture.
Sailendra Dynasty	8th – 9th century CE	Central Java	Buddhist dynasty; built Borobudur; influential in maritime trade.
Srivijaya	7th – 13th century CE	Sumatra (Palembang)	Powerful maritime and trade kingdom; center for Mahayana Buddhism.
Kahuripan	10th century CE	East Java	Founded by Airlangga; reunified East Java after Mataram’s decline.
Janggala & Kediri	10th – 13th century CE	East Java	Successor kingdoms after Kahuripan split; Kediri known for literature and agriculture.
Singhasari	13th century CE	East Java	Precursor to Majapahit; known for military conquests and expansion.
Majapahit	1293 – 1527 CE	East Java	Golden era of Hindu-Buddhist Java; controlled much of the archipelago; cultural achievements.
Demak	1475 – 1554 CE	Central Java	First Islamic sultanate in Java; spread of Islam in Java; important trade center.
Cirebon	1479 – 1677 CE	West Java	Islamic coastal sultanate; major trading port; cultural blend of Hindu-Buddhist and Islamic.
Banten	1527 – 1813 CE	West Java	Important Islamic trading sultanate; strong in pepper trade.
Aceh	1496 – 1903 CE	Northern Sumatra	Islamic sultanate; powerful maritime kingdom; traded with Ottomans and Europeans.
Ternate & Tidore	13th – 20th century CE	Maluku Islands	Spice island sultanates; famous for cloves; early European contact.
Panumbangan	15th – 16th century CE	West Java	Lesser-known kingdom in Cirebon area; related to Cirebon Sultanate formation.
Bali Kingdoms (e.g., Gelgel, Klungkung)	9th – 1908 CE	Bali	Hindu-Buddhist continuity; resisted Islamization; rich culture and arts.
Mataram Sultanate (Islamic)	1587 – 1755 CE	Central Java & Yogyakarta	Islamic kingdom; expansion under Sultan Agung; conflicts with VOC; split into Surakarta & Yogyakarta.
Yogyakarta & Surakarta	1755 – present (cultural)	Central Java	Result of Mataram division (Giyanti Treaty); centers of Javanese culture.
Makassar / Gowa-Tallo	14th – 17th century CE	South Sulawesi	Islamic kingdom; maritime power; trade with Europeans and Makassar Port.