14 april 25 senen

 

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learning style

 

The learning style dimensions listed—Verbal/Visual, Intuitive/Sensory, Active/Reflective, Global/Sequential (Segmental)—come from the Felder-Silverman Learning Styles Model (FSLSM).

🔍 Developed by:

• Richard M. Felder, a chemical engineering professor at North Carolina State University

• Linda K. Silverman, an educational psychologist who contributed to the conceptual basis

📘 First Introduced:

• 1988, in their paper titled:
  "Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering Education" (Felder & Silverman, 1988)

🎯 Purpose:

The model was initially designed to improve engineering education but has since been widely applied in various educational contexts, including language learning and EFL settings.

It looks like you're listing different dimensions of learning styles. Here's a clearer breakdown and explanation of each pair to help organize your thoughts:

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1. Verbal / Visual

• Verbal learners prefer written or spoken explanations. They learn best through words, reading, writing, and listening.

• Visual learners prefer diagrams, charts, pictures, and other visual aids to understand and retain information.

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2. Intuitive / Sensory

• Intuitive learners like to discover possibilities and relationships. They enjoy innovation, abstract thinking, and theoretical concepts.

• Sensory learners prefer facts, data, and concrete information. They like practical applications and hands-on experiences.

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3. Active / Reflective

• Active learners retain information best by doing—discussing, applying, or explaining it to others.

• Reflective learners prefer to think through the material quietly before acting. They learn by introspection and internal processing.

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4. Global / Sequential (Segmental)

• Global learners tend to learn in large jumps, absorbing material randomly before seeing the big picture. They often get sudden insights.

• Sequential (Segmental) learners prefer linear steps and organized, logical progressions to understand material.

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Silverman's Learning Styles Model

 

When you mention "learning style based on Silverman," you're most likely referring to Linda Silverman, an educational psychologist known for her work on visual-spatial and auditory-sequential learning styles. Her model is particularly influential in gifted education, though it applies more broadly to diverse learners.

Silverman's Learning Styles Model

Silverman proposed that learners typically fall along a continuum between two cognitive styles:

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1. Visual-Spatial Learners

• Think in images and pictures

• Grasp the "big picture" but may struggle with details

• Learn best through:

  • Diagrams, charts, videos

  • Hands-on activities

  • Mapping concepts

• Often nonlinear thinkers and intuitive problem solvers

• May find traditional teaching (step-by-step, auditory) challenging

Characteristics:

• Strong imagination

• Holistic thinking

• Good at puzzles, spatial reasoning

• May have difficulty expressing thoughts in words

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2. Auditory-Sequential Learners

• Think in words and learn best through step-by-step instruction

• Excel in traditional academic environments

• Prefer:

  • Lectures, verbal instructions

  • Sequential tasks

  • Reading and writing

• Are detail-oriented, analytical, and organized

Characteristics:

• Linear thinkers

• Good at remembering facts

• Prefer routines and structure

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Educational Implications

Silverman emphasized the importance of adapting teaching methods to the learner's dominant style, rather than forcing all students to conform to a single approach. A mismatch between teaching and learning style can lead to underachievement or frustration, particularly for visual-spatial learners in auditory-sequential classrooms.

There are several kinds of learning styles

 

There are several kinds of learning styles that describe how individuals best absorb, process, and retain information. Here are the most commonly recognized types:

1. Visual (Spatial) Learners

• Learn best through images, diagrams, charts, and spatial understanding.

• Prefer visual aids like mind maps, color-coded notes, and presentations.

2. Auditory (Aural) Learners

• Learn best through listening.

• Prefer lectures, discussions, podcasts, and reading aloud.

3. Read/Write Learners

• Learn best through reading and writing.

• Prefer written information such as textbooks, handouts, and taking notes.

4. Kinesthetic (Physical) Learners

• Learn best through hands-on experience and movement.

• Prefer doing, touching, building, role-playing, or using physical objects.

5. Logical (Mathematical) Learners

• Learn best through reasoning, logic, and systems.

• Prefer problem-solving, sequencing, and working with numbers or patterns.

6. Social (Interpersonal) Learners

• Learn best through interaction with others.

• Prefer group work, discussions, and collaborative activities.

7. Solitary (Intrapersonal) Learners

• Learn best alone.

• Prefer self-study, reflection, and working independently.

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Some frameworks (like VARK) focus more on the first four:

• Visual

• Aural

• Read/Write

• Kinesthetic

The first university in the world ku

 

The first university in the world is widely considered to be the University of al-Qarawiyyin (also spelled Al-Karaouine), located in Fez, Morocco. It was founded in 859 CE by Fatima al-Fihri, a woman scholar and philanthropist.

Al-Qarawiyyin is recognized by UNESCO and the Guinness World Records as the oldest existing and continually operating degree-granting university in the world.

However, there are other contenders depending on how "university" is defined:

Nalanda University (India), established around the 5th century CE, was a major center of learning in ancient times, especially for Buddhist studies.

University of Bologna (Italy), founded in 1088, is often considered the oldest university in Europe and the first to use the term universitas for a community of teachers and scholars.

Today, the University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco, continues to function as both a religious and academic institution with a deep historical legacy. Here's a snapshot of its current status:

🎓 Academic Role

• It primarily focuses on Islamic studies, including:

  • Islamic law (fiqh)

  • Theology

  • Classical Arabic grammar and linguistics

  • Hadith and Qur'anic studies

• It also offers modern subjects such as mathematics, foreign languages, and astronomy in some programs.

• Degrees from al-Qarawiyyin are recognized by Moroccan educational authorities.

🕌 Religious Significance

• The university is closely linked with the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque, which remains one of the most important places of worship and scholarship in the Islamic world.

• It is a major center for Maliki jurisprudence (the dominant school of Sunni Islam in North and West Africa).

🏛️ Cultural Heritage

• The library at al-Qarawiyyin, recently restored, is one of the oldest in the world and houses ancient manuscripts dating back over a thousand years.

• The institution and its mosque are considered treasures of Islamic architecture and are protected heritage sites.

🌍 Global Recognition

• It attracts scholars and students from around the Islamic world, especially from West Africa, the Middle East, and other parts of North Africa.

• It continues to be a symbol of female empowerment due to its founding by Fatima al-Fihri.

The first library in the world

 

The first library in the world is generally considered to be the Library of Ashurbanipal, located in Nineveh (modern-day Iraq). It was established in the 7th century BCE by King Ashurbanipal of the Neo-Assyrian Empire.

Key facts about the Library of Ashurbanipal: Date: 7th century BCE (around 668–627 BCE).

Contents: Over 30,000 clay tablets written in cuneiform, including literature, religious texts, medical treatises, legal documents, and administrative records.

Languages: Mostly Akkadian and Sumerian.

Famous work: It contained the Epic of Gilgamesh, one of the oldest known literary works.

While earlier collections of texts existed (like temple archives in Sumer around 2600 BCE), the Library of Ashurbanipal is notable for being the first systematically organized library with a clear purpose of knowledge preservation.

"UK" (United Kingdom) and "Great Britain"

 

The terms "UK" (United Kingdom) and "Great Britain" are often used interchangeably, but they actually refer to different things:

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1. The United Kingdom (UK)

Full name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

Includes:

• England

• Scotland

• Wales

• Northern Ireland

✅ This is the political entity — a country made up of four nations.

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2. Great Britain

Refers to the island that includes:

• England

• Scotland

• Wales

🚫 Does NOT include Northern Ireland

It's a geographical term, not a political one.

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🔁 Quick Summary:

Term	Includes	Type
UK	England, Scotland, Wales, N. Ireland	Political
Great Britain	England, Scotland, Wales	Geographical

The competencies of elementary school teachers in the current era

 

The competencies of elementary school teachers in the current era—often referred to as the "21st century" or the "digital era"—have expanded beyond traditional teaching skills. Today’s educators are expected to be adaptable, tech-savvy, and focused on holistic student development. Here’s a breakdown of key competencies for elementary school teachers in this era:

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1. Pedagogical Competency

• Mastery of subject matter and age-appropriate pedagogy

• Ability to apply differentiated instruction to meet diverse learners' needs

• Use of student-centered approaches (e.g., inquiry-based learning, project-based learning)

2. Technological Competency

• Integration of digital tools in teaching and assessment (e.g., using Google Classroom, interactive apps)

• Basic troubleshooting and adaptation to new educational technologies

• Promoting digital literacy among students

3. Communication and Interpersonal Skills

• Clear, age-appropriate communication with students

• Positive interaction with parents and school community

• Collaboration with colleagues for interdisciplinary learning

4. Character and Ethical Competency

• Modeling good character and instilling values (honesty, responsibility, empathy)

• Upholding ethical standards in teaching and student evaluation

• Promoting inclusive and respectful classroom culture

5. Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving

• Ability to analyze situations and make informed decisions

• Encouraging students to think critically and ask questions

• Reflecting on teaching practices for continuous improvement

6. Creativity and Innovation

• Designing engaging and imaginative learning experiences

• Encouraging students’ creativity and curiosity

• Flexibility in adapting teaching methods

7. Lifelong Learning Attitude

• Commitment to continuous professional development

• Staying updated with educational trends, curriculum changes, and pedagogy

• Open to feedback and willing to learn from peers and experiences

8. Cultural and Global Awareness

• Sensitivity to students’ diverse cultural backgrounds

• Promoting global citizenship and cross-cultural understanding

• Incorporating local and global issues in teaching