Whacking Rocks

Whacking Rocks by J.J. Janicki It started on a Saturday afternoon when I was on the corner of Third Ave and Locust Street whacking rocks with a baseball bat. The Cards were trailing 14-11 with one out in the bottom of the ninth, so being a Cards fan, it was obviously time to buckle down. I mean, this was getting serious! But maybe I should explain the rules first. So okay. On the other side of Third was an empty warehouse. On the roof was a home run. If I hit the side of the warehouse on the fly, it was a triple. If it bounced to the side of the warehouse, it was a double, and if I at least managed to clear the fence surrounding the warehouse, it was a single. Everything else was an out. Except for foul balls. Unless I fouled off three in a row, then that was an out too. And of course there were some ground rules, the most important one being not to be whacking rocks across the street during the afternoon rush hour. Not that the town I lived in was all that big, but at least Monday through Friday there was more traffic than at other times. On a Saturday though, there was hardly any. Except as it turned out, there was a car on the corner of Locust, and while the details are hazy, I'm pretty sure the guy didn't come to a complete stop like he was supposed to before turning left onto Third. No, he just pulled right on out at about the same instant a screaming line drive left my bat. Except I'd fouled it off again. To the right. Towards that car. I could see the guy's face and this was a really mean looking dude. So I did the same thing George Washington would have done if he'd been whacking rocks across the Potomac when he was my age...except I'm not at all sure what would have been on the Potomac back in those days... But never mind, because if George had accidentally whacked a rock into a canoe and if the canoeist looked an awful lot like Arnold Schwarzenegger, then he would have run like hell and that's exactly what I did soon as I heard the clang. Not that it really clanged, it was more like a thud, but that's not the important fact - what's important is that I'd just hit Arnold Schwarzenegger's car with a rock. I think it hit his hood. So at least it didn't hit his windshield: if that had been the case, he might not have ever stopped looking for me, but whatever, I flung my bat aside and took off fast as I could. It wasn't good for anything besides whacking at rocks anyway, so it was hi-yo Silver big time and the hell with it. Once, though, I glanced back over my shoulder – when I was about half a block away – and I noticed that the guy had stopped. Then I noticed him flinging his door open, running out, grabbing my bat and then running back to his car. It took him one second. Or, at least, it sure didn't take long, then he was screeching off after me again, and his car could go a lot faster than I could run. I didn't know what he intended to do with my bat, but I had some suspicions, so the way I looked at it, I was in a desperate situation and the best idea would be to take some shortcuts. So I tore down a driveway and into the vacant lot that took up most of the middle of the block. I was going to cut across the lot, then I was going to zoom down Oak Street for a few houses, then I'd zip down another driveway, then across... well, at least off to somewhere else. Where, I have no idea, but you see, the reason I've by now forgotten my escape route is that about halfway across the vacant lot, I noticed my plan wasn't working as well as I was hoping, because up ahead I could see Arnold turning on Fourth Avenue, and he was headed for Oak Street. So in other words, he planned to cut me off at the pass and then he'd return my bat. Or maybe he had something else in mind, even if I still thought my bat was going to come into play one way or another. I didn't have time to consider all the possibilities then, but I have since. It happened over twenty-five years ago, so there's been time enough, even if to be perfectly honest, I'd still just as soon not. So... So Arnold's car briefly disappeared behind a clump of trees, and that seemed to be a good time to jerk my sweat pants back up and reverse course. That was another problem, a couple of times I'd come close to losing them and I wasn't wearing my underwear or even a shirt that day. It was a secondary concern – getting away from Arnold was still far and away my primary goal – but that doesn't mean I wasn't concerned about losing my pants either. But back across the vacant lot I flew like the wind until I spotted a row of trash barrels, and I ducked behind them. Then, after yanking my pants up again, I cautiously peered out between two of them. I had no intention of staying there, but I needed to catch my breath and as long as he was patiently waiting on the corner of Fourth and Oak... “Oh shit! He's gotten impatient! Son of a bitch!” Right. He was striding in my direction with his bat slung across his shoulder. Because it sure wasn't my bat any more, but I jumped up and started running fast as I could again, trying not to think too much about how my obituary would start out in tomorrow's paper. It had sort of flashed through my head, something like: “Emory McCaslin, age fourteen, was savagely beaten to death...” But that's distracting, so trying not to think about it, back down the driveway, back down Third, made a quick right on Appison Lane, jerked my pants up again – Oh, my God, I hope nobody saw that - and then four houses down on the other side of the street I suddenly saw a glimmer of hope. It was right there on the mail box: “John Schilling”. So maybe John Schilling was Thad Schilling's father. I knew Thad. We were both in the band. He played trumpet, I played trombone, so we at least knew each other. We weren't best friends, else I would have known where he lived, but he was friendly enough, so maybe – if he really did live there – and if he happened to be home... … But desperate times call for desperate measures, so down his driveway I flew, then gasping for breath and clutching at the waist of my sweat pants with one hand, I bounded up the steps leading to the back porch and started pounding on the door. I was being as polite as I could under the circumstances, but...no answer. No one was home. “Oh God!” I wailed. I was about to give up hope. In fact, I already had, but I was standing there trying to think of another plan, when from behind me I heard, “I'm back here, Emmie, I'm in the garage. ... Um, what are you doing here?” So in as few words as possible, I told him. I was there because I'd accidentally hit this guy's car with a rock and he wanted to beat the living shit out of me with a baseball bat, that's why I was there, and I thought that was reason enough, but in case it wasn't perfectly clear, about then I heard the rumble of Arnold's mufflers. Well, okay, I wasn't positive, because thankfully, I couldn't see him (so hopefully, he couldn't see me either) but I was still fairly sure, so throwing all social niceties to the wind, ZIP, I was in his garage. It went something like this: I heard Arnold's mufflers, so I lurched towards the garage with the intention of getting my butt inside. Only Thad yelled, “No, wait!” But the garage door was open and I couldn't wait, so just like that, I was inside. Then in a small voice, Thad said, “Oh... shit.” So my jaw dropped, and even if it still wasn't my main concern, I managed, “Uh... sorry, I mean...”, then I sort of shrugged and trailed off. Then Thad asked, “So you going to tell anybody?” I stammered, “Well, of course... not. ... I mean, it's your... garage, so... well, I don't guess... your parents are home... right now, but... well, it's okay because sometimes, I... I mean, I've done some stuff I wouldn't want anybody to know about either, so...”, then I shrugged again and added, “I mean, we're both boys, right?” Or in other words, you never know quite how to react when you stumble across an acquaintance who's in his garage without his clothes on. Even if that still wasn't my primary concern. But even so, as the sound of Arnold's mufflers gradually faded away, that secondary concern was coming into play. It was probably too much to hope for, but still... I honestly don't think it's possible to feel any more mixed up than I was right at that moment, but in the interest of clarity – or at least in the interest of something that might bear a vague resemblance to it... At fourteen? Yeah, right. Well, okay. I'm not going to start at the very beginning, because there's no telling where that might end up, but I guess I should explain that I'd only been living in... well, we'll just call it Mayberry and leave it at that, but I'd only been living there for about a year. I was in one of those single parent situations and always had been. But my mom – she's the one who stuck around – changed jobs often. She'd be a waitress here, then a waitress there, and then a waitress somewhere else. So we weren't like upper income. Not really. But obviously the fact that we were constantly moving made it difficult because it was hard to make friends and, to make matters worse, because of our economic status, I often felt inferior. It doesn't matter if I should or should not have, I did, and that's all there was to it. Then further complicating matters was the fact that I was almost certainly gay. Not that I'd ever done anything, but I thought I might like to. “Might.” Well, until you've actually done something, it's difficult to know if you're going to like it or not, you know? But let's see: when did I first start suspecting that I had some gay tendencies? That's how a psychologist the year before put it, but it wasn't uncommon at my age and I might grow out of it. So while it wasn't exactly like she was putting a stamp of approval on my “tendencies”, at least she didn't refer to them as “homosexual tendencies”. That makes it sound like you've got a disease. And as for how those “tendencies” came up in the first place, the simplest explanation was that my dick went up in the shower after gym class and the little bastard would not go back down, but instead of coming up with an excuse like I was thinking about a girl I'd recently seen naked, such as: “Whoa Nelly! Boobs and everything! Big `uns!”... which then could have led to several other boys popping wood... because it sure doesn't take much to get a thirteen-year-old excited... Damn. Why didn't I think of that? Well, I didn't, I just acted like I was mortified, and actually, I was. Totally. Whether it should be that way or not, in junior high, being gay is not a good thing and from then until we moved again, I was an outcast. At least when it got back to my mom, though, she took it fairly well. “Well, hell, Emmie, if you is you is and if you ain't you ain't and if you is, at least you ain't gonna be trying to get into every girl's pants like that sack of shit that ran off and left us.” Famous words to live by. “If you is you is and if you ain't you ain't.” There's a certain Zen-like quality to that, but... Well, at least I'm not trying to start from the beginning. Even if I will tell you when it occurred to me that I probably wasn't cut out to be a heterosexual, it was when I saw my first picture of a naked lady. Some kid brought it to school – and later got into all kinds of trouble because of it – but the thing was, that picture was a bit lacking when it came to presentation. She was on a log with her legs wide open and yeech! Even if what I said was, “Geez! That is wild!” And it was interesting, but then so is a Venus Fly Trap. I'm just saying, is all. But anyway, there I was in Thad's garage and his parents weren't home and obviously he wasn't expecting them to show up anytime soon and he was naked and I hadn't seen any boys naked recently because it seemed to have an undesirable effect on me but it really wasn't in my best interests to leave right away because of Arnold Schwarzenegger wanting to possibly kill me and the fact was... (Deep breath. Breathe!) Well, the fact was, Thad had recently displayed some tendencies as well. First time I noticed was when we were in band practice. The trombones sat above the trumpets and during a brief break, the boy next to Thad said, “Pull it out.” Of course this was said in a low conspiratorial tone of voice, but Thad looked around and then he unzipped his pants. (!!!) Then he made like he was going to pull it out. Well, seriously, you're not going to pull your dick out in the middle of band practice, but still, this behavior continued. Christopher (the other boy) would whisper to Thad, then Thad would slyly unzip and pretend - and he kept getting just a little more daring than before, to the point I'd actually seen his undies shining through – but then Thad would whisper the same thing to Christopher, so then he'd pretend... So I thought that was interesting. I was trailer park trash, Thad and Christopher definitely weren't, but apparently they still wanted to look at each other's dicks! I was stunned. I was, because up until then I'd assumed that Thad wouldn't have the slightest interest in another boy's dick because he seemed to get along fine with girls. I didn't know if he was going out with one, but girls were often wanting to talk to him and usually he was glad to oblige. Sometimes, he'd even flirt. Or at least, I considered it flirting, but apparently he still wanted Christopher to pull his dick out! And as for me, I wasn't interested in Christopher's because he wasn't my type, but I was in Thad's. I thought he was cute. He had reddish-brown hair, was outgoing and it seemed as though everyone liked him. But in spite of that, he always acted friendly to me as well. We weren't best friends, but at least he never acted like he looked down on me. So one afternoon when we were out on the football field practicing marching around in circles, I whispered, “I dare you to pull it out.” Thad grinned and said, “Okay, I will. Just watch me,” and sure enough, about five minutes later when we were standing in formation, I looked over and he started pretending like he was zipping down. Or maybe he really was. I couldn't tell for sure, but then... Actually, what he was doing was sticking his finger out from the general area of his zipper, even if I wasn't sure at first. But it was my turn, so I pretended to unzip, then I started making that familiar jerking off motion with my hand. Making like you're jerking off in the middle of band practice, that is daring! But Thad laughed like we were now co-conspirators, so, cool! I went home very happy that day. Even if I was still wondering if he'd started or not. I could have accepted his not having started – and if that was his dick and not his finger, then he obviously hadn't – but I hoped he had. Just because. Then about a week later, during my lunch period I decided to go over to the gym because his gym class was in session. As long as I had my clothes on, I could look disinterested, so it was safe to look at some of the cuter boys in their shorts. Especially Thad, and that was cool enough because he'd usually wave at me. And I was still trying to figure out if he'd started yet. He didn't have any hair on his legs, but that was okay, because I didn't want him to be that far advanced anyway. No, I was hoping he was pretty much like me, with just a little hair above his dick and nothing much else. Only, he hadn't dressed out that day. It was almost summer, but still, if you were feeling under the weather and if one of your parents would write a note for you, it wasn't a problem. Except that now I couldn't look at his legs, of course. He was sitting up in the bleachers, but when he heard the side door open, he looked over and waved. By then, we were getting along real well, even if our pull-it-out game had mostly petered out. Apparently not entirely, though, because he grinned slyly and mouthed, “Pull it out.” So I thought about it, made a gesture down towards my zipper and then I gave him my best “come hither” look. What I mean is, I glanced back at the door, then sort of meaningfully back at him. He shrugged. Then he made his way down to the coach, and asked, “Is it all right if I go outside and talk to Emmie for a minute? It's about our band practice.” So then we were outside. On one side was the gym, on the other, a retaining wall, so we were mostly out of sight. Anyone passing by on the sidewalk out front might be able to see, but it wasn't likely, so not only did I unzip, I opened my fly and started fumbling inside my undies. (And by the way, I always wear underwear when going to school. Always.) But I actually opened the fly in my underwear a little. I'm not sure if he saw anything or not because my hand might have been in the way, but then I quickly zipped back up and said, “Now it's your turn.” So... “Okay. Let's see here,” and he pulled his zipper down, yanked his fly wide open, reached inside, pulled the fly on his undies open and started trying to guide his dick out! “Guide” because he had a boner! But then he stopped, grinned a little uncertainly, and said, “Maybe I better not this time.” And that was that. So I know it's not much, but I almost floated home that day. Thinking stuff like, “Oh, he's grown one all right. I can not believe it!” Or in other words, it looked to be above average. Not that I saw all of it, just from his red bush to maybe two inches on down, but it sure seemed to be big around. It's not like I was a size freak. I'd seen some who hadn't even started, but if I thought he was good looking, it didn't matter. Puberty's strange, though. Thad outweighed me at least twenty pounds, but he was almost the same height. So I was in the neighborhood of 5'3'' and about 100, and because I'd barely started myself, I wouldn't have been surprised if he hadn't. But on the other hand, bigger than expected definitely caught my attention. Meanwhile, though, back in the garage, I wasn't sure what to do and apparently neither was he. Doing something weird is one thing, but having someone barging in on you is a different matter. So there I was, feeling awkward, but unable to think of a graceful way to exit, mostly because I really didn't want to leave, not with Arnold still out there looking for me, I didn't, so I honestly didn't know what I was supposed to do next. I'm pretty sure my lower lip was quivering. I was about to start crying. That would really be great. Almost perfect, in fact. But fortunately, after a deep breath Thad said, “Oh, don't worry about it. We can stay here as long as you need to. I wouldn't want to see you in the hospital or worse and I guess if I'm going to keep acting like a pervert, sooner or later I'll get caught at it anyway.” “Well, I could go in and get your clothes...” “Yeah, well, I sort of like being a nudist. ... Most of the time anyway. But since we have some time on our hands... and since you've caught me being weird, you were saying that sometimes... well, what weird things have you been guilty of lately? Just name one, okay? ... It's only fair, you know.” “Um...” I looked over at him, but not surprisingly, I also took another glance at his lap. Life-threatening situation or not, it was hard not to. So yes, he had a bush, I had to verify that, and it was decent. Then just below... well, my impression when I first came busting in was that it looked like a Vienna sausage. Except for the end, of course, and it was bigger around, but it was soft. At first, it was, so apparently being embarrassed was as conducive to feeling horny as being afraid that you're on the verge of being killed. Only now it seemed to be expanding and it also seemed to be... !!??!! It was! He was getting hard! So it occurred to me that this was as good a way of killing some time as any I could think of. “I can stay here as long as I need to, and I offered to get his clothes, but...” I cleared my throat and started again. “Well, you might not believe this, but I almost lost my pants when I was trying to get away from that guy. It happened more than once and... when I was crossing Third, when I got to your street, they were about halfway down to my knees... and I don't have any underwear on. I mean... well, I don't know, it feels cool with your... dick and all moving around, but...” Thad giggled a bit breathlessly, and exclaimed, “Oh God! You might as well have been totally naked!... I do that too sometimes. At least sort of, but okay, let's compare notes here. So the question is: as skinny as you are, you have to know there's a chance of them falling down, so do you want it to happen? You can always say it was an accident, but still, do you really want it to happen?” “You trying to be my shrink or something?” “No, I'm trying to be my shrink. ... Shit, Emmie, I'm not putting you down or anything... And I don't know if you've noticed, but I'm the one who's naked here, not you, but I'm just wondering why, `cause you can't ever tell, we might have almost the same reasons.” I glanced over and noticed that his dick was still rising. It was up to about a 45° angle, close to six inches... give or take... and... He looked down at it and then back at me. “Cool, huh?” ... “Yeah... I guess...” “What do you mean, guess? Guess? You're popping one too,” (tent) “so you know good and well how it feels. It's the best feeling in the world! But back to our discussion. What's your motivation for running around almost naked? I'm just curious, all right?” So of course mine kept rising – it's nice, feeling it crawling up – but pretending not to notice, I continued, “Well, the first time, I didn't have much choice. It was about two years ago, and it was laundry day, so the deal was, when I got up that morning, all my underwear was at the laundromat. But while my mom was taking care of the laundry, I was supposed to do the grocery shopping. She left a grocery list and some money, so...” “Hey, I don't mean to interrupt... except I guess I am... and this isn't any of my business, so you don't have to tell me if you don't want to, but do you sleep naked? I'm just curious, that's all. So do you?” “Well... in the summer... um... well, sure, why not?” I answered. And I also lied, because most of the time, I wore pjs. At least the bottom, but it didn't seem like that was what he wanted to hear. So like I said, why not? “Cool!” he said, “I might try that myself sometime. But anyway, carry on. ... You know, with your story.” I glanced down at him again. 55°. Maybe even 60! I was giving him an erection, just by talking about being naked! And I was giving myself one as well. In fact, I was already as hard as I could be, but...Right. Keep talking. And so... “Yeah, right. So I just put on a pair of basketball shorts and a tee shirt that came down past my knees, and off I went. That was so cool. It felt like I really was naked. Nobody else knew about it, but... well, you know, I could feel my dick moving around... except in the produce department I started popping one, so then it wasn't moving around so much...” “I'm excitable too.” “Yeah, I noticed.” Now it looked as big around as a... Polska Keilbasa! “I guess it's hard to miss, huh? But anyway, there you were in the supermarket with a hard-on. So...” ...“Oh that. Well, like I said, I had that shirt on, so it wasn't like anybody could see it, and it wasn't very big then anyway. But as far as today goes, no, I didn't want to lose my pants. When I was hitting rocks across the street, if I felt them slipping down some, I'd always pull them back up. So I'm sure nobody saw anything. At least not until I had to start running, but I don't know, maybe I get a charge out of the possibility. It's like I'm taking a chance, I guess.” “So it's like you'd be an accidental exhibitionist or something.” “Yeah, well, awhile ago, if it had come down to me not having any choice but to run: that's all I could do, just run like hell without being able to stop and pull them back up, then I would have been a streaker in no time at all, there's no question about it.” “You ever do that? Streak?” (Gulp)... “No, never did that. Go streaking, I mean. I've never even been tempted to and if a little while ago, if I'd ended up running naked down the street, I would have been embarrassed as shit. ... Weird, huh?” “Well, damn, Emmie, at our age, we're all weird. Haven't you ever heard that before?” It was the way he said it. It was as though all at once, he was a little professor, but of course, he was sitting there naked with a hard-on that wasn't about to go down. But in spite of that, there he was, seemingly unmindful of it, spouting those words of wisdom. So I couldn't help it, I started laughing so hard my sides were hurting. I was trying to say something, but all I could get out was... well, to give an example: “Oh shit.... Thad... Oh God... Thad... oh... shit!” I had tears in my eyes, I was laughing so hard. But finally I was mostly over it, so I straightened up, and... “Um, sorry. You just... well, it just hit me funny, that's all. ... But yeah, you're right... doctor. We're... yeah, I guess we are.” “We're what?” He didn't look upset, but he was definitely puzzled. And really, there was a simple answer. (“We're what?”) One word. Weird. So why did I skip it then? I did because the way I was looking at it, he was being even weirder than I was and it also occurred to me that I couldn't have that. Feeling very weird might make him want to get dressed again. So I hunched up, and seconds later, except for my shoes, I was naked too. He had a hard-on and so did I. Except for his being larger, we were now both in the same boat. I took a fluttery breath and said, “We're both weird. About as weird as we can possibly be.” And it sure felt that way. It felt sort of wonderful, but it also felt scary. He looked pointedly at my midsection and said, “It ain't all that bad, Emmie. I like the way it curves.” ... “Um... well, it just does, but... um... so okay, I guess you can see that it's not nearly as big as yours, but... um...” “You shouldn't worry about it. It'll get bigger.” “Yeah, well...” “But if you don't mind my asking... how... about how long is it now?” His voice sounded strange. “He's... asking me about my dick and...Oh, holy shit. He's...” “I mean, you do measure it, right? I do mine all the time.” ...“About...” (then all in a rush...), “Well, how big is yours then?” (Giggle)... “I asked you first, damn it!... But it's six inches. And maybe an eighth. So...” “Four and a quarter. ... Almost.” “Yours looks like a skinny wiener.” “Yeah, well, yours...” “But I still think it looks cool. So you wanna jerk off? We might as well, right? So you wanna?” My jaw dropped again. Until that day, the pull it out game was the most thrilling thing I'd ever done. It was, because I really liked Thad, so I felt like I'd just died and gone to heaven. As far as I was concerned, it couldn't get any better. But us jerking off together... “Okay, now I'm in heaven. It can't get any better than this.” So I shyly said yes, that would be a very good idea. In so many words, I did, because I was feeling light-headed and most of my words seemed to be hanging up, but... “So okay, slide your butt over next to me. I do you, you do me. Deal?” “Well, I didn't think it was going to get that much better, I can touch it!” And that I did. Hip to hip, that in itself was almost the most wonderful feeling in the world, because it was so soft and warm, but then... Well, actually, he grabbed mine first. It wasn't that I was hesitating on my end of the bargain, it was just that I was trying to savor everything, so I was still on us being pressed together and how it felt, but then his fingers closed around my erection and I jumped. When I first felt that incredible shock... “Feels good, doesn't it?” In the middle of my gasp, he asked me that. So in reply I think I said, “Sssss... yeah!” Then I grabbed his and it jerked slightly. And it was... well, there's no way I can describe it. Except that I was having trouble keeping track of everything... and it was the most wonderful feeling in the world... and I didn't know how much more I could take... Emory McCaslin, age fourteen, unexpectedly passed away. But he sure did look happy. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Well, I suppose I could have at least tried describing how it felt pulling on Thad's while he was pulling on mine, but there was just so much going on inside my head right then, you know? Still, though, if it's all right for me to go back to when I was ten and had my first orgasm - because until you've actually had one, there's no point in trying to explain what it is because you really don't have a clue... Except Tommy, the boy who introduced me to it was twelve, so I guess the way things are, it's possible that he could have been arrested, in fact, now things are so screwed up, I have a feeling that even if it he'd been the ignorant one and it had been me who initiated it, just because he was older, he still could have been in big trouble. But then again, about 98% of the world's population would probably be in trouble as well. Unless the kid discoverers orgasms on his own, he's apparently not supposed to, and if by chance he discovered them because the washer vibrated and it felt really weird when he pressed up against it, then “they” still might want to take Maytag to court, so at the very least, Maytag corporate is probably looking at some sensitivity training, and... um... Right. Me and Thad, me and another kid named Tommy, the other 98%, Maytag... I seem to be wandering. Well, anyway, the biggest reason I didn't know about orgasms at age ten was because up until then I didn't want to know about them. And don't worry, mom, I'm not going to press charges, but seriously, there are things that you'd just as soon not know about when you're seven. Or eight. Or even ten, but... I'll admit that I was getting curious. Was whacking off the same as jacking off? Was that any different from jerking off? I'd heard of these terms, but I still had no idea what they meant. Not any of them. Soo... Tommy showed me. He gave a hands-on demonstration, bless his wicked little heart, and it was intense. Even if when he first touched my peter, it just felt... interesting. I was still a little doubtful, but it did feel interesting And then, well, I don't know, really. I mean, it was feeling interestinger and interestinger, but does every boy think he's about to pee all over himself the first time? Probably, because up until then, that's all it's been good for, just peeing, but after awhile, I guessed if he didn't care if I peed on his hand, then I didn't either. But that first orgasm, can you really put it into words? It may well be the most intense feeling you'll ever have in your life, because even if there are bigger and better things, that first time when it just keeps feeling better and better and you have no idea how much longer it's going to keep on feeling better and better, all you really know is that you don't want it to ever end... that might be as good as it ever gets. Except I honestly think that first time in Thad's garage was better than that even. Of course I knew how it was going to end for both of us, but still, just having my hand wrapped around his dick... being in awe of how big and hot and loose and hard and soft and... well, sort of squishy... I mean, geez! And the sound effects were awesome. And him doing me felt... well, simply awesome! So I still seem to be at a loss for words. When it's like everything you ever dreamed about is finally happening, even if you really had only been dreaming about it for a year or so, it is unreal, it's so unreal, you can't even put it into words, no matter how hard you try. So back to my first orgasm again, I really think the second time was better than the first. Because one: I still wasn't sure if it was going to happen again, even if once I started getting that feeling, I knew that it was, and two: this time, I was doing it by myself. See, I never liked Tommy all that much in the first place. Which brings up the third reason the second time might have been better, because right after the first time when I was still mostly in shock as in: “What happened?”, he was laughing his stupid ass off. So for a little while, I was thinking that maybe he'd just played the worst trick on me I could imagine. “He's just killed my peter!” So I sure was relieved to discover that he hadn't. But back to Thad again. It was the most wonderful thing that had ever happened, but still, there were some things I hadn't thought of yet. Not that I was worried about being practical when we started, but in the first place, he came before I did. I was excited, but since he was further along, it didn't take him as long as it did me. He was leaking before we even started, in fact. And while I still couldn't manage more than a watery jet or two, he could manage a lot. So it was messy and we hadn't thought about a Kleenex or a rag or anything. There were some oily rags scattered around, but that would just make an ever bigger mess. But, “Um... let me... catch my... breath... okay? Don't worry... I'll get... you off... too... but... um... well, you can let go... of me now, okay?” I guess he noticed that I looked a little disappointed, though, so he assured me that he wasn't going to leave me hanging, which cheered me up a lot, but I was still sorry about the mess and us not thinking ahead. (And I was also sorry he couldn't have lasted just a little longer, because I sure was enjoying pulling on it.) But then he added, “It's not a big deal. It'll wash off, you know. And besides, we can recycle it,” and with that, he wiped a glob off of his tummy and started rubbing it on my erection. I never ever thought... Well to be honest, I didn't know what to think. “It makes it more slippery this way, and it'll feel better,” he explained. “But I bet it feels pretty good right now, huh?” “Uh... well...” Then he started slowly pulling on it again. So it was like, “Ohhh!” Then he started rubbing on my balls, and then on that little ridge between my legs. I hadn't ever done that to myself before. Until then, it had always just been up and down, up and down, pant pant, and it wasn't that I thought it was yucky or anything, but once I could produce anything worth mentioning, I'd always made sure that I caught it in some tissue. And not only that, once I'd had my orgasm, I always felt drained. Pooped out in fact. So that's why I was thinking that the show might be over once he came, because I didn't think he'd want to be doing anything more for awhile. But he kept slowly pulling on it. So of course I was squirming. “You ever rub around your nipples any?” ... “Huh? ... My... ohh! ... Well... no. ... I...” “Try it. Just rub a little of my cum on. It's a trip! Just try it, all right?” And he just kept pulling on it. And rubbing me places. That place between my legs? That was my perineum. I was like, “Oh. So that's... oh God.” I had no idea I had so many places that could feel good. If somebody is pulling on your dick, then there aren't many places that aren't going to feel good. If he touched it, it felt good. But since he was rubbing me in all those places, I guessed I could rub some more on a few his places as well. He had a nice bush, but it was still soft, almost downy like mine. I stroked his softened noodle and it was still as interesting as it could be. I gently rubbed his plump balls. Just a little hair, but you had to check close for it. And his thighs were soft and warm and sweaty and a little sticky – really, he was a little sticky in lots of places - and... Then it hit and I was like, “Ohhhhhhh!” Then while I was still trying to catch my breath, he giggled and asked, “So you want to do this again sometime?” “Uh... uh... yeah... sure. I think... I would... like that,” I managed. “Cool! But now, I think we need to get under the shower. Think so?” We? Did he just say we? It was the best day of my life. jjjanicki@gmail.com http://www.awesomedude.com/jjjanicki/whacking_rocks.htm

Walisongo

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas Langsung ke: navigasi, cari Masjid Agung Demak, diyakini sebagai salah satu tempat berkumpulnya para wali yang paling awal. Daftar isi 1 Walisongo Periode Pertama 2 Walisongo Periode Kedua 3 Walisongo Periode Ketiga 4 Walisongo Periode Keempat 5 Walisongo Periode Kelima 6 Arti Walisongo 6.1 Sunan Gresik (Maulana Malik Ibrahim) 6.2 Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat) 6.3 Sunan Bonang (Makhdum Ibrahim) 6.4 Sunan Drajat 6.5 Sunan Kudus 6.6 Sunan Giri 6.7 Sunan Kalijaga 6.8 Sunan Muria (Raden Umar Said) 6.9 Sunan Gunung Jati (Syarif Hidayatullah) 7 Tokoh pendahulu Walisongo 7.1 Syekh Jumadil Qubro 8 Teori keturunan Hadramaut 9 Teori keturunan Cina 10 Sumber tertulis tentang Walisongo 11 Silsilah 12 Lihat pula 13 Pranala luar 14 Referensi Walisongo Periode Pertama Pada waktu Mehmed I Celeby memerintah kerajaan Turki, beliau menanyakan perkembangan agama Islam kepada para pedagang dari Gujarat. Dari mereka Sultan mendapat kabar berita bahwa di Pulau Jawa ada dua kerajaan Hindu yaitu Majapahit dan Pajajaran. Di antara rakyatnya ada yang beragama Islam tapi hanya terbatas pada keluarga pedagang Gujarat yang kawin dengan para penduduk pribumi yaitu di kota-kota pelabuhan. Sang Sultan kemudian mengirim surat kepada pembesar Islam di Afrika Utara dan Timur Tengah. Isinya meminta para ulama yang mempunyai karomah untuk dikirim ke pulau Jawa. Maka terkumpullah sembilan ulama berilmu tinggi serta memiliki karomah. Menurut buku Haul Sunan Ampel Ke-555 yang ditulis oleh KH. Mohammad Dahlan,[1] majelis dakwah yang secara umum dinamakan Walisongo, sebenarnya terdiri dari beberapa angkatan. Para Walisongo tidak hidup pada saat yang persis bersamaan, namun satu sama lain mempunyai keterkaitan erat, baik dalam ikatan darah atau karena pernikahan, maupun dalam hubungan guru-murid. Bila ada seorang anggota majelis yang wafat, maka posisinya digantikan oleh tokoh lainnya. Pada tahun 808 Hijrah atau 1404 Masehi para ulama itu berangkat ke Pulau Jawa. Mereka adalah: Maulana Malik Ibrahim atau Sunan Gresik, berasal dari Turki ahli mengatur negara. Berdakwah di Jawa bagian timur. Wafat di Gresik pada tahun 1419 M. Makamnya terletak satu kilometer dari sebelah utara pabrik Semen Gresik. Maulana Ishaq berasal dari Samarkand dekat Bukhara-uzbekistan/Rusia. Beliau ahli pengobatan. Setelah tugasnya di Jawa selesai Maulana Ishak pindah ke Samudra Pasai dan wafat di sana. Syekh Jumadil Qubro, berasal dari Mesir. Beliau berdakwah keliling. Makamnya di Troloyo Trowulan, Mojokerto Jawa Timur. Maulana Muhammad Al Maghrobi, berasal dari Maroko, beliau berdakwah keliling. Wafat tahun 1465 M. Makamnya di Jatinom Klaten, Jawa Tengah. Maulana Malik Isroil berasal dari Turki, ahli mengatur negara. Wafat tahun 1435 M. Makamnya di Gunung Santri. Maulana Muhammad Ali Akbar, berasal dari Persia Iran. Ahli pengobatan. Wafat 1435 M. Makamnya di Gunung Santri. Maulana Hasanuddin berasal dari Palestina Berdakwah keliling. Wafat pada tahun 1462 M. Makamnya disamping masjid Banten Lama. Maulana Alayuddin berasal dari Palestina. Berdakwah keliling. Wafat pada tahun 1462 M. Makamnya disamping masjid Banten Lama. Syekh Subakir, berasal dari Persia, ahli menumbali (metode rukyah) tanah angker yang dihuni jin-jin jahat tukang menyesatkan manusia. Setelah para Jin tadi menyingkir dan lalu tanah yang telah netral dijadikan pesantren. Setelah banyak tempat yang ditumbali (dengan Rajah Asma Suci) maka Syekh Subakir kembali ke Persia pada tahun 1462 M dan wafat di sana. Salah seorang pengikut atau sahabat Syekh Subakir tersebut ada di sebelah utara Pemandian Blitar, Jawa Timur. Disana ada peninggalan Syekh Subakir berupa sajadah yang terbuat dari batu kuno. Walisongo Periode Kedua Pada periode kedua ini masuklah tiga orang wali menggantikan tiga wali yang wafat. Ketiganya adalah: Raden Ahmad Ali Rahmatullah, datang ke Jawa pada tahun 1421 M menggantikan Malik Ibrahim yang wafat pada tahun 1419 M. Raden Rahmat atau Sunan Ampel berasal dari Champa, Muangthai Selatan (Thailand Selatan). Sayyid Ja’far Shodiq berasal dari Palestina, datang di Jawa tahun 1436 menggantikan Malik Isro’il yang wafat pada tahun 1435 M. Beliau tinggal di Kudus sehingga dikenal dengan Sunan Kudus. Syarif Hidayatullah atau Sunan Gunung Jati, berasal dari Palestina. Datang di Jawa pada tahun 1436 M. Menggantikan Maulana Ali Akbar yang wafat tahun 1435 M. Sidang walisongo yang kedua ini diadakan di Ampel Surabaya. Para wali kemudian membagi tugas. Sunan Ampel, Maulana Ishaq dan Maulana Jumadil Kubro bertugas di Jawa Timur. Sunan Kudus, Syekh Subakir dan Maulana Al-Maghrobi bertugas di Jawa Tengah. Syarif Hidayatullah, Maulana Hasanuddin dan Maulana Aliyuddin di Jawa Barat. Dengan adanya pembagian tugas ini maka masing-masing wali telah mempunyai wilayah dakwah sendiri-sendiri, mereka bertugas sesuai keahlian masing-masing. Walisongo Periode Ketiga Pada tahun 1463 M. Masuklah menjadi anggota Walisongo yaitu: Sunan Giri kelahiran Blambangan Jawa Timur. Putra dari Syekh Maulana Ishak dengan putri Kerajaan Blambangan bernama Dewi Sekardadu atau Dewi Kasiyan. Raden Paku ini menggantikan kedudukan ayahnya yang telah pindah ke negeri Pasai. Karena Raden Paku tinggal di Giri maka beliau lebih terkenal dengan sebutan Sunan Giri. Makamnya terletak di Gresik Jawa Timur. Raden Said, atau Sunan Kalijaga, kelahiran Tuban Jawa Timur. Beliau adalah putra Adipati Wilatikta yang berkedudukan di Tuban. Sunan Kalijaga menggantikan Syekh Subakir yang kembali ke Persia. Raden Makdum Ibrahim, atau Sunan Bonang, lahir di Ampel Surabaya. Beliau adalah putra Sunan Ampel, Sunan Bonang menggantikan kedudukan Maulana Hasanuddin yang wafat pada tahun 1462. Sidang Walisongo yang ketiga ini juga berlangsung di Ampel Surabaya. Walisongo Periode Keempat Pada tahun 1466 diangkat dua wali menggantikan dua yang telah wafat yaitu Maulana Ahmad Jumadil Kubro dan Maulana Muhammad Maghrobi. Dua wali yang menggantikannya ialah: Raden Patah adalah murid Sunan Ampel, beliau adalah putra Raja Brawijaya Majapahit. Beliau diangkat sebagai Adipati Bintoro pada tahun 1462 M. Kemudian membangun Masjid Demak pada tahun 1465 dan dinobatkan sebagai Raja atau Sultan Demak pada tahun 1468.Setelah itu Fathullah Khan, putra Sunan Gunungjati, beliau dipilih sebagai anggota Walisongo menggantikan ayahnya yang telah berusia lanjut. Walisongo Periode Kelima Dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam periode ini masuk Sunan Muria atau Raden Umar Said-putra Sunan Kalijaga menggantikan wali yang wafat. Konon Syekh Siti Jenar atau Syekh Lemah Abang itu adalah salah satu anggota Walisongo, namun karena Siti Jenar di kemudian hari mengajarkan ajaran yang menimbulkan keresahan umat dan mengabaikan syariat agama maka Siti Jenar dihukum mati. Selanjutnya kedudukan Siti Jenar digantikan oleh Sunan Bayat – bekas Adipati Semarang (Ki Pandanarang) yang telah menjadi murid Sunan Kalijaga. Walisongo atau Walisanga dikenal sebagai penyebar agama Islam di tanah Jawa pada abad ke 14. Mereka tinggal di tiga wilayah penting pantai utara Pulau Jawa, yaitu Surabaya-Gresik-Lamongan di Jawa Timur, Demak-Kudus-Muria di Jawa Tengah, dan Cirebon di Jawa Barat. Era Walisongo adalah era berakhirnya dominasi Hindu-Budha dalam budaya Nusantara untuk digantikan dengan kebudayaan Islam. Mereka adalah simbol penyebaran Islam di Indonesia, khususnya di Jawa. Tentu banyak tokoh lain yang juga berperan. Namun peranan mereka yang sangat besar dalam mendirikan Kerajaan Islam di Jawa, juga pengaruhnya terhadap kebudayaan masyarakat secara luas serta dakwah secara langsung, membuat para Walisongo ini lebih banyak disebut dibanding yang lain. Arti Walisongo Ada beberapa pendapat mengenai arti Walisongo. Pertama adalah wali yang sembilan, yang menandakan jumlah wali yang ada sembilan, atau sanga dalam bahasa Jawa. Pendapat lain menyebutkan bahwa kata songo/sanga berasal dari kata tsana yang dalam bahasa Arab berarti mulia. Pendapat lainnya lagi menyebut kata sana berasal dari bahasa Jawa, yang berarti tempat. Pendapat lain yang mengatakan bahwa Walisongo adalah sebuah majelis dakwah yang pertama kali didirikan oleh Sunan Gresik (Maulana Malik Ibrahim) pada tahun 1404 Masehi (808 Hijriah).[1] Saat itu, majelis dakwah Walisongo beranggotakan Maulana Malik Ibrahim sendiri, Maulana Ishaq (Sunan Wali Lanang), Maulana Ahmad Jumadil Kubro (Sunan Kubrawi); Maulana Muhammad Al-Maghrabi (Sunan Maghribi); Maulana Malik Isra'il (dari Champa), Maulana Muhammad Ali Akbar, Maulana Hasanuddin, Maulana 'Aliyuddin, dan Syekh Subakir. Dari nama para Walisongo tersebut, pada umumnya terdapat sembilan nama yang dikenal sebagai anggota Walisongo yang paling terkenal, yaitu: Sunan Gresik atau Maulana Malik Ibrahim Sunan Ampel atau Raden Rahmat Sunan Bonang atau Raden Makhdum Ibrahim Sunan Drajat atau Raden Qasim Sunan Kudus atau Ja'far Shadiq Sunan Giri atau Raden Paku atau Ainul Yaqin Sunan Kalijaga atau Raden Said Sunan Muria atau Raden Umar Said Sunan Gunung Jati atau Syarif Hidayatullah Para Walisongo adalah intelektual yang menjadi pembaharu masyarakat pada masanya. Pengaruh mereka terasakan dalam beragam bentuk manifestasi peradaban baru masyarakat Jawa, mulai dari kesehatan, bercocok-tanam, perniagaan, kebudayaan, kesenian, kemasyarakatan, hingga ke pemerintahan. Sunan Gresik (Maulana Malik Ibrahim) !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sunan Gresik Makam Maulana Malik Ibrahim, desa Gapura, Gresik, Jawa Timur Maulana Malik Ibrahim adalah keturunan ke-22 dari Nabi Muhammad. Ia disebut juga Sunan Gresik, atau Sunan Tandhes, atau Mursyid Akbar Thariqat Wali Songo . Nasab As-Sayyid Maulana Malik Ibrahim Nasab Maulana Malik Ibrahim menurut catatan Dari As-Sayyid Bahruddin Ba'alawi Al-Husaini yang kumpulan catatannya kemudian dibukukan dalam Ensiklopedi Nasab Ahlul Bait yang terdiri dari beberapa volume (jilid). Dalam Catatan itu tertulis: As-Sayyid Maulana Malik Ibrahim bin As-Sayyid Barakat Zainal Alam bin As-Sayyid Husain Jamaluddin bin As-Sayyid Ahmad Jalaluddin bin As-Sayyid Abdullah bin As-Sayyid Abdul Malik Azmatkhan bin As-Sayyid Alwi Ammil Faqih bin As-Sayyid Muhammad Shahib Mirbath bin As-Sayyid Ali Khali’ Qasam bin As-Sayyid Alwi bin As-Sayyid Muhammad bin As-Sayyid Alwi bin As-Sayyid Ubaidillah bin Al-Imam Ahmad Al-Muhajir bin Al-Imam Isa bin Al-Imam Muhammad bin Al-Imam Ali Al-Uraidhi bin Al-Imam Ja’far Shadiq bin Al-Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir bin Al-Imam Ali Zainal Abidin bin Al-Imam Al-Husain bin Sayyidah Fathimah Az-Zahra/Ali bin Abi Thalib, binti Nabi Muhammad Rasulullah Ia diperkirakan lahir di Samarkand di Asia Tengah, pada paruh awal abad ke-14. Babad Tanah Jawi versi Meinsma menyebutnya Asmarakandi, mengikuti pengucapan lidah orang Jawa terhadap As-Samarqandy.[2] Dalam cerita rakyat, ada yang memanggilnya Kakek Bantal. Isteri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Maulana Malik Ibrahim memiliki, 3 isteri bernama: 1. Siti Fathimah binti Ali Nurul Alam Maulana Israil (Raja Champa Dinasti Azmatkhan 1), memiliki 2 anak, bernama: Maulana Moqfaroh dan Syarifah Sarah 2. Siti Maryam binti Syaikh Subakir, memiliki 4 anak, yaitu: Abdullah, Ibrahim, Abdul Ghafur, dan Ahmad 3. Wan Jamilah binti Ibrahim Zainuddin Al-Akbar Asmaraqandi, memiliki 2 anak yaitu: Abbas dan Yusuf. Selanjutnya Sharifah Sarah binti Maulana Malik Ibrahim dinikahkan dengan Sayyid Fadhal Ali Murtadha [Sunan Santri/ Raden Santri] dan melahirkan dua putera yaitu Haji Utsman (Sunan Manyuran) dan Utsman Haji (Sunan Ngudung). Selanjutnya Sayyid Utsman Haji (Sunan Ngudung) berputera Sayyid Ja’far Shadiq [Sunan Kudus]. Maulana Malik Ibrahim umumnya dianggap sebagai wali pertama yang mendakwahkan Islam di Jawa. Ia mengajarkan cara-cara baru bercocok tanam dan banyak merangkul rakyat kebanyakan, yaitu golongan masyarakat Jawa yang tersisihkan akhir kekuasaan Majapahit. Malik Ibrahim berusaha menarik hati masyarakat, yang tengah dilanda krisis ekonomi dan perang saudara. Ia membangun pondokan tempat belajar agama di Leran, Gresik. Pada tahun 1419, Malik Ibrahim wafat. Makamnya terdapat di desa Gapura Wetan, Gresik, Jawa Timur. Sunan Ampel (Raden Rahmat) !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sunan Ampel Sunan Ampel bernama asli Raden Rahmat, keturunan ke-22 dari Nabi Muhammad, menurut riwayat ia adalah putra Ibrahim Zainuddin Al-Akbar dan seorang putri Champa yang bernama Dewi Condro Wulan binti Raja Champa Terakhir Dari Dinasti Ming. Nasab lengkapnya sebagai berikut: Sunan Ampel bin Sayyid Ibrahim Zainuddin Al-Akbar bin Sayyid Jamaluddin Al-Husain bin Sayyid Ahmad Jalaluddin bin Sayyid Abdullah bin Sayyid Abdul Malik Azmatkhan bin Sayyid Alwi Ammil Faqih bin Sayyid Muhammad Shahib Mirbath bin Sayyid Ali Khali’ Qasam bin Sayyid Alwi bin Sayyid Muhammad bin Sayyid Alwi bin Sayyid Ubaidillah bin Sayyid Ahmad Al-Muhajir bin Sayyid Isa bin Sayyid Muhammad bin Sayyid Ali Al-Uraidhi bin Imam Ja’far Shadiq bin Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir bin Imam Ali Zainal Abidin bin Imam Al-Husain bin Sayyidah Fathimah Az-Zahra binti Nabi Muhammad Rasulullah. Sunan Ampel umumnya dianggap sebagai sesepuh oleh para wali lainnya. Pesantrennya bertempat di Ampel Denta, Surabaya, dan merupakan salah satu pusat penyebaran agama Islam tertua di Jawa. Ia menikah dengan Dewi Condrowati yang bergelar Nyai Ageng Manila, putri adipati Tuban bernama Arya Teja dan menikah juga dengan Dewi Karimah binti Ki Kembang Kuning. Pernikahan Sunan Ampel dengan Dewi Condrowati alias Nyai Ageng Manila binti Aryo Tejo, berputera: Sunan Bonang,Siti Syari’ah,Sunan Derajat,Sunan Sedayu,Siti Muthmainnah dan Siti Hafsah. Pernikahan Sunan Ampel dengan Dewi Karimah binti Ki Kembang Kuning, berputera: Dewi Murtasiyah,Asyiqah,Raden Husamuddin (Sunan Lamongan,Raden Zainal Abidin (Sunan Demak),Pangeran Tumapel dan Raden Faqih (Sunan Ampel 2. Makam Sunan Ampel teletak di dekat Masjid Ampel, Surabaya. Sunan Bonang (Makhdum Ibrahim) !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sunan Bonang Bonang, sederetan gong kecil diletakkan horisontal. Sunan Bonang adalah putra Sunan Ampel, dan merupakan keturunan ke-23 dari Nabi Muhammad. Ia adalah putra Sunan Ampel dengan Nyai Ageng Manila, putri adipati Tuban bernama Arya Teja. Sunan Bonang banyak berdakwah melalui kesenian untuk menarik penduduk Jawa agar memeluk agama Islam. Ia dikatakan sebagai penggubah suluk Wijil dan tembang Tombo Ati, yang masih sering dinyanyikan orang. Pembaharuannya pada gamelan Jawa ialah dengan memasukkan rebab dan bonang, yang sering dihubungkan dengan namanya. Universitas Leiden menyimpan sebuah karya sastra bahasa Jawa bernama Het Boek van Bonang atau Buku Bonang. Menurut G.W.J. Drewes, itu bukan karya Sunan Bonang namun mungkin saja mengandung ajarannya. Sunan Bonang diperkirakan wafat pada tahun 1525. Sunan Drajat !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sunan Drajat Sunan Drajat adalah putra Sunan Ampel, dan merupakan keturunan ke-23 dari Nabi Muhammad. Ia adalah putra Sunan Ampel dengan Nyai Ageng Manila, putri adipati Tuban bernama Arya Teja. Sunan Drajat banyak berdakwah kepada masyarakat kebanyakan. Ia menekankan kedermawanan, kerja keras, dan peningkatan kemakmuran masyarakat, sebagai pengamalan dari agama Islam. Pesantren Sunan Drajat dijalankan secara mandiri sebagai wilayah perdikan, bertempat di Desa Drajat, Kecamatan Paciran, Lamongan. Tembang macapat Pangkur disebutkan sebagai ciptaannya. Gamelan Singomengkok peninggalannya terdapat di Musium Daerah Sunan Drajat, Lamongan. Sunan Drajat diperkirakan wafat wafat pada 1522. Sunan Kudus !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sunan Kudus Sunan Kudus adalah putra Sunan Ngudung atau Raden Usman Haji, dengan Syarifah Ruhil atau Dewi Ruhil yang bergelar Nyai Anom Manyuran binti Nyai Ageng Melaka binti Sunan Ampel. Sunan Kudus adalah keturunan ke-24 dari Nabi Muhammad. Sunan Kudus bin Sunan Ngudung bin Fadhal Ali Murtadha bin Ibrahim Zainuddin Al-Akbar bin Jamaluddin Al-Husain bin Ahmad Jalaluddin bin Abdillah bin Abdul Malik Azmatkhan bin Alwi Ammil Faqih bin Muhammad Shahib Mirbath bin Ali Khali’ Qasam bin Alwi bin Muhammad bin Alwi bin Ubaidillah bin Ahmad Al-Muhajir bin Isa bin Muhammad bin Ali Al-Uraidhi bin Ja’far Shadiq bin Muhammad Al-Baqir bin Ali Zainal Abidin bin Al-Husain bin Sayyidah Fathimah Az-Zahra binti Nabi Muhammad Rasulullah. Sebagai seorang wali, Sunan Kudus memiliki peran yang besar dalam pemerintahan Kesultanan Demak, yaitu sebagai panglima perang, penasehat Sultan Demak, Mursyid Thariqah dan hakim peradilan negara. Ia banyak berdakwah di kalangan kaum penguasa dan priyayi Jawa. Di antara yang pernah menjadi muridnya, ialah Sunan Prawoto penguasa Demak, dan Arya Penangsang adipati Jipang Panolan. Salah satu peninggalannya yang terkenal ialah Mesjid Menara Kudus, yang arsitekturnya bergaya campuran Hindu dan Islam. Sunan Kudus diperkirakan wafat pada tahun 1550. Sunan Giri !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sunan Giri Sunan Giri adalah putra Maulana Ishaq. Sunan Giri adalah keturunan ke-23 dari Nabi Muhammad, merupakan murid dari Sunan Ampel dan saudara seperguruan dari Sunan Bonang. Ia mendirikan pemerintahan mandiri di Giri Kedaton, Gresik; yang selanjutnya berperan sebagai pusat dakwah Islam di wilayah Jawa dan Indonesia timur, bahkan sampai ke kepulauan Maluku. Salah satu keturunannya yang terkenal ialah Sunan Giri Prapen, yang menyebarkan agama Islam ke wilayah Lombok dan Bima. Sunan Kalijaga !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sunan Kalijaga Lukisan Sunan Kalijaga Sunan Kalijaga adalah putra adipati Tuban yang bernama Tumenggung Wilatikta atau Raden Sahur atau Sayyid Ahmad bin Mansur (Syekh Subakir). Ia adalah murid Sunan Bonang. Sunan Kalijaga menggunakan kesenian dan kebudayaan sebagai sarana untuk berdakwah, antara lain kesenian wayang kulit dan tembang suluk. Tembang suluk Ilir-Ilir dan Gundul-Gundul Pacul umumnya dianggap sebagai hasil karyanya. Dalam satu riwayat, Sunan Kalijaga disebutkan menikah dengan Dewi Saroh binti Maulana Ishaq, menikahi juga Syarifah Zainab binti Syekh Siti Jenar dan Ratu Kano Kediri binti Raja Kediri. Sunan Muria (Raden Umar Said) !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sunan Muria Sunan Muria atau Raden Umar Said adalah putra Sunan Kalijaga. Ia adalah putra dari Sunan Kalijaga dari isterinya yang bernama Dewi Sarah binti Maulana Ishaq. Sunan Muria menikah dengan Dewi Sujinah, putri Sunan Ngudung. Jadi Sunan Muria adalah adik ipar dari Sunan Kudus. Sunan Gunung Jati (Syarif Hidayatullah) !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Sunan Gunung Jati Lukisan Sunan Gunung Jati Gapura Makam Sunan Gunung Jati di Cirebon, Jawa Barat Sunan Gunung Jati atau Syarif Hidayatullah adalah putra Syarif Abdullah Umdatuddin putra Ali Nurul Alam putra Syekh Husain Jamaluddin Akbar. Dari pihak ibu, ia masih keturunan keraton Pajajaran melalui Nyai Rara Santang, yaitu anak dari Sri Baduga Maharaja. Sunan Gunung Jati mengembangkan Cirebon sebagai pusat dakwah dan pemerintahannya, yang sesudahnya kemudian menjadi Kesultanan Cirebon. Anaknya yang bernama Maulana Hasanuddin, juga berhasil mengembangkan kekuasaan dan menyebarkan agama Islam di Banten, sehingga kemudian menjadi cikal-bakal berdirinya Kesultanan Banten. Tokoh pendahulu Walisongo Syekh Jumadil Qubro !Artikel utama untuk bagian ini adalah: Syekh Jumadil Qubro Syekh Jumadil Qubro adalah Maulana Ahmad Jumadil Kubra bin Husain Jamaluddin bin Ahmad Jalaluddin bin Abdillah bin Abdul Malik Azmatkhan bin Alwi Ammil Faqih bin Muhammad Shahib Mirbath bin Ali Khali’ Qasam bin Alwi bin Muhammad bin Alwi bin Ubaidillah bin Ahmad Al-Muhajir bin Isa bin Muhammad bin Ali Al-Uraidhi bin Ja’far Shadiq bin Muhammad Al-Baqir bin Ali Zainal Abidin bin Al-Husain bin Sayyidah Fathimah Az-Zahra binti Nabi Muhammad Rasulullah Syekh Jumadil Qubro adalah putra Husain Jamaluddin dari isterinya yang bernama Puteri Selindung Bulan (Putri Saadong II/ Putri Kelantan Tua). Tokoh ini sering disebutkan dalam berbagai babad dan cerita rakyat sebagai salah seorang pelopor penyebaran Islam di tanah Jawa. Makamnya terdapat di beberapa tempat yaitu di Semarang, Trowulan, atau di desa Turgo (dekat Pelawangan), Yogyakarta. Belum diketahui yang mana yang betul-betul merupakan kuburnya.[3] [4] Teori keturunan Hadramaut Walaupun masih ada pendapat yang menyebut Walisongo adalah keturunan Samarkand (Asia Tengah), Champa atau tempat lainnya, namun tampaknya tempat-tampat tersebut lebih merupakan jalur penyebaran para mubaligh daripada merupakan asal-muasal mereka yang sebagian besar adalah kaum Sayyid atau Syarif. Beberapa argumentasi yang diberikan oleh Muhammad Al Baqir, dalam bukunya Thariqah Menuju Kebahagiaan, mendukung bahwa Walisongo adalah keturunan Hadramaut (Yaman): L.W.C van den Berg, Islamolog dan ahli hukum Belanda yang mengadakan riset pada 1884-1886, dalam bukunya Le Hadhramout et les colonies arabes dans l'archipel Indien (1886)[5] mengatakan: ”Adapun hasil nyata dalam penyiaran agama Islam (ke Indonesia) adalah dari orang-orang Sayyid Syarif. Dengan perantaraan mereka agama Islam tersiar di antara raja-raja Hindu di Jawa dan lainnya. Selain dari mereka ini, walaupun ada juga suku-suku lain Hadramaut (yang bukan golongan Sayyid Syarif), tetapi mereka ini tidak meninggalkan pengaruh sebesar itu. Hal ini disebabkan mereka (kaum Sayyid Syarif) adalah keturunan dari tokoh pembawa Islam (Nabi Muhammad SAW).” van den Berg juga menulis dalam buku yang sama (hal 192-204): ”Pada abad ke-15, di Jawa sudah terdapat penduduk bangsa Arab atau keturunannya, yaitu sesudah masa kerajaan Majapahit yang kuat itu. Orang-orang Arab bercampul-gaul dengan penduduk, dan sebagian mereka mempuyai jabatan-jabatan tinggi. Mereka terikat dengan pergaulan dan kekeluargaan tingkat atasan. Rupanya pembesar-pembesar Hindu di kepulauan Hindia telah terpengaruh oleh sifat-sifat keahlian Arab, oleh karena sebagian besar mereka berketurunan pendiri Islam (Nabi Muhammad SAW). Orang-orang Arab Hadramawt (Hadramaut) membawa kepada orang-orang Hindu pikiran baru yang diteruskan oleh peranakan-peranakan Arab, mengikuti jejak nenek moyangnya." Pernyataan van den Berg spesifik menyebut abad ke-15, yang merupakan abad spesifik kedatangan atau kelahiran sebagian besar Walisongo di pulau Jawa. Abad ke-15 ini jauh lebih awal dari abad ke-18 yang merupakan saat kedatangan gelombang berikutnya, yaitu kaum Hadramaut yang bermarga Assegaf, Al Habsyi, Al Hadad, Alaydrus, Alatas, Al Jufri, Syihab, Syahab dan banyak marga Hadramaut lainnya. Hingga saat ini umat Islam di Hadramaut sebagian besar bermadzhab Syafi’i, sama seperti mayoritas di Srilangka, pesisir India Barat (Gujarat dan Malabar), Malaysia dan Indonesia. Bandingkan dengan umat Islam di Uzbekistan dan seluruh Asia Tengah, Pakistan dan India pedalaman (non-pesisir) yang sebagian besar bermadzhab Hanafi. Kesamaan dalam pengamalan madzhab Syafi'i bercorak tasawuf dan mengutamakan Ahlul Bait; seperti mengadakan Maulid, membaca Diba & Barzanji, beragam Shalawat Nabi, doa Nur Nubuwwah dan banyak amalan lainnya hanya terdapat di Hadramaut, Mesir, Gujarat, Malabar, Srilangka, Sulu & Mindanao, Malaysia dan Indonesia. Kitab fiqh Syafi’i Fathul Muin yang populer di Indonesia dikarang oleh Zainuddin Al Malabary dari Malabar, isinya memasukkan pendapat-pendapat baik kaum Fuqaha maupun kaum Sufi. Hal tersebut mengindikasikan kesamaan sumber yaitu Hadramaut, karena Hadramaut adalah sumber pertama dalam sejarah Islam yang menggabungkan fiqh Syafi'i dengan pengamalan tasawuf dan pengutamaan Ahlul Bait. Di abad ke-15, raja-raja Jawa yang berkerabat dengan Walisongo seperti Raden Patah dan Pati Unus sama-sama menggunakan gelar Alam Akbar. Gelar tersebut juga merupakan gelar yang sering dikenakan oleh keluarga besar Jamaluddin Akbar di Gujarat pada abad ke-14, yaitu cucu keluarga besar Azhamat Khan (atau Abdullah Khan) bin Abdul Malik bin Alwi, seorang anak dari Muhammad Shahib Mirbath ulama besar Hadramaut abad ke-13. Keluarga besar ini terkenal sebagai mubaligh musafir yang berdakwah jauh hingga pelosok Asia Tenggara, dan mempunyai putra-putra dan cucu-cucu yang banyak menggunakan nama Akbar, seperti Zainal Akbar, Ibrahim Akbar, Ali Akbar, Nuralam Akbar dan banyak lainnya. Teori keturunan Cina Sejarawan Slamet Muljana mengundang kontroversi dalam buku Runtuhnya Kerajaan Hindu Jawa (1968), dengan menyatakan bahwa Walisongo adalah keturunan Tionghoa Indonesia.[6] Pendapat tersebut mengundang reaksi keras masyarakat yang berpendapat bahwa Walisongo adalah keturunan Arab-Indonesia. Pemerintah Orde Baru sempat melarang terbitnya buku tersebut.[rujukan?] Referensi-referensi yang menyatakan dugaan bahwa Walisongo berasal dari atau keturunan Tionghoa sampai saat ini masih merupakan hal yang kontroversial. Referensi yang dimaksud hanya dapat diuji melalui sumber akademik yang berasal dari Slamet Muljana, yang merujuk kepada tulisan Mangaraja Onggang Parlindungan, yang kemudian merujuk kepada seseorang yang bernama Resident Poortman. Namun, Resident Poortman hingga sekarang belum bisa diketahui identitasnya serta kredibilitasnya sebagai sejarawan, misalnya bila dibandingkan dengan Snouck Hurgronje dan L.W.C. van den Berg. Sejarawan Belanda masa kini yang banyak mengkaji sejarah Islam di Indonesia yaitu Martin van Bruinessen, bahkan tak pernah sekalipun menyebut nama Poortman dalam buku-bukunya yang diakui sangat detail dan banyak dijadikan referensi. Salah satu ulasan atas tulisan H.J. de Graaf, Th.G.Th. Pigeaud, M.C. Ricklefs berjudul Chinese Muslims in Java in the 15th and 16th Centuries adalah yang ditulis oleh Russell Jones. Di sana, ia meragukan pula tentang keberadaan seorang Poortman. Bila orang itu ada dan bukan bernama lain, seharusnya dapat dengan mudah dibuktikan mengingat ceritanya yang cukup lengkap dalam tulisan Parlindungan [7]. Sumber tertulis tentang Walisongo Terdapat beberapa sumber tertulis masyarakat Jawa tentang Walisongo, antara lain Serat Walisanga karya Ranggawarsita pada abad ke-19, Kitab Walisongo karya Sunan Dalem (Sunan Giri II) yang merupakan anak dari Sunan Giri, dan juga diceritakan cukup banyak dalam Babad Tanah Jawi. Mantan Mufti Johor Sayyid `Alwî b. Tâhir b. `Abdallâh al-Haddâd (meninggal tahun 1962) juga meninggalkan tulisan yang berjudul Sejarah perkembangan Islam di Timur Jauh (Jakarta: Al-Maktab ad-Daimi, 1957). Ia menukil keterangan diantaranya dari Haji `Ali bin Khairuddin, dalam karyanya Ketrangan kedatangan bungsu (sic!) Arab ke tanah Jawi sangking Hadramaut. Dalam penulisan sejarah para keturunan Bani Alawi seperti al-Jawahir al-Saniyyah oleh Sayyid Ali bin Abu Bakar Sakran, 'Umdat al-Talib oleh al-Dawudi, dan Syams al-Zahirah oleh Sayyid Abdul Rahman Al-Masyhur; juga terdapat pembahasan mengenai leluhur Sunan Gunung Jati, Sunan Ampel, Sunan Giri, Sunan Kudus, Sunan Bonang dan Sunan Gresik. Silsilah Ringkasan Silsilah dari Rasulullah sampai Walisongo Muhammad SAW | Ali bin Abi Thalib | Husain bin Ali | Ali Zainal Abidin | Muhammad al-Baqir | Ja'far ash-Shadiq | Ali al-Uraidhi(Leluhur Jamaludin Husein Al-Akbar) | Jamaludin Husein Al Akbar (Leluhur Wali Songo) |WALISONGO http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walisongo

Skype

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article is about the VoIP software. For the company, see Skype Technologies. Skype Skype logo.svg Screenshot [show] Developer(s) Microsoft Skype Division Initial release August 2003 Stable release Android 2.9.0.315 (30 August 2012; 2 months ago)[1] iOS 4.1.2 (13 November 2012; 4 days ago)[2][3] Linux 4.1.0.20 (15 November 2012; 2 days ago)[4] Microsoft Windows 6.0.0.126 (Desktop app) (15 November 2012; 2 days ago)[5] 1.1.0.25 (Windows Store app) (24 October 2012; 24 days ago)[6] OS X 6.0.0.2946 (24 October 2012; 24 days ago)[7] Symbian 2.1 (2 February 2012; 9 months ago)[8] Windows Phone 2.0 (12 November 2012; 5 days ago)[9] [±] Preview release [±] Written in Embarcadero Delphi, Objective-C (iOS, Mac OS X), C++ with Qt4 (Linux) Operating system iOS, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Mac OS X, Windows Phone, Blackberry OS, HP WebOS, Symbian, Android and Linux Available in Multilingual Type Voice over Internet Protocol, instant messaging, videoconferencing License Proprietary, some paid features Website www.skype.com Part of a series on Skype Skype Technologies Features of Skype Skype protocol Skype security v t e Skype (play /'ska?p/) is a proprietary voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP) service and software application. Skype was first released in 2003 written by Estonian developers Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn, who had also originally developed Kazaa.[10] It developed into a platform with over 600 million users and was bought by Microsoft in 2011 for $8.5 billion.[11] The service allows users to communicate with peers by voice using a microphone, video by using a webcam, and instant messaging over the Internet. Phone calls may be placed to recipients on the traditional telephone networks. Calls to other users within the Skype service are free of charge, while calls to landline telephones and mobile phones are charged via a debit-based user account system. Skype has also become popular for its additional features, including file transfer, and videoconferencing. Competitors include SIP and H.323-based services, such as Linphone,[12] as well as the Google Talk service, Mumble and Hall.com. Skype has 663 million registered users as of EOY 2010.[13] The network is operated by Microsoft, which has its Skype division headquarters in Luxembourg. Most of the development team and 44% of the overall employees of the division are situated in Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia.[14][15] Unlike most other VoIP services, Skype is a hybrid peer-to-peer and client–server system. It makes use of background processing on computers running Skype software. Skype's original proposed name (Sky Peer-to-Peer) reflects this fact. Some network administrators have banned Skype on corporate,[16] government, home, and education networks,[17] citing reasons such as inappropriate usage of resources, excessive bandwidth usage, and security concerns.[18] Contents 1 History 1.1 eBay acquisition 1.2 Microsoft acquisition 2 Features 3 Usage and traffic 4 Client applications and devices 5 System and Software 5.1 Protocol 5.2 Protocol detection and control 5.3 Audio codecs 5.4 Video codecs 5.5 Client 6 Security and privacy 6.1 Service in the People's Republic of China 7 Customer service 8 Educational use 9 Outages and downtime 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History Main article: Skype Limited#History Skype was founded in 2003 by Janus Friis from Denmark and Niklas Zennström from Sweden.[19] The Skype software was developed by Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn, who together with Friis and Zennström were also behind the peer-to-peer file sharing software Kazaa.[20] In August 2003, the first public beta version was released. eBay acquisition On 12 September 2005 eBay Inc. agreed to acquire Luxembourg-based Skype Technologies SA for approximately US$2.6 billion in up-front cash and eBay stock, plus potential performance-based consideration. Microsoft acquisition On 10 May 2011, Microsoft Corporation acquired Skype Communications, S.à r.l for US$8.5 billion.[21] The company was incorporated as a division of Microsoft, and Microsoft acquired all of the company's technologies with the purchase. This was completed on 13 October 2011.[21][22] Features Main article: Features of Skype Registered users of Skype are identified by a unique Skype Name, and may be listed in the Skype directory.[23] Skype allows these registered users to communicate through both instant messaging and voice chat. Voice chat allows telephone calls between pairs of users and conference calling, and uses a proprietary audio codec. Skype's text chat client allows group chats, emoticons, storing chat history and editing of previous messages. Offline messages were implemented in a beta of version 5, but removed after a few weeks without notification. The usual features familiar to instant messaging users — user profiles, online status indicators, and so on — are also included. The Online Number, a.k.a. SkypeIn, service allows Skype users to receive calls on their computers dialed by conventional phone subscribers to a local Skype phone number; local numbers are available for Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Denmark, the Dominican Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[24][25] A Skype user can have local numbers in any of these countries, with calls to the number charged at the same rate as calls to fixed lines in the country. Video conferencing between two users was introduced in January 2006 for the Windows and Mac OS X platform clients. Skype 2.0 for Linux, released on 13 March 2008, also features support for video conferencing.[26] Version 5 beta 1 for Windows, released 13 May 2010, offers free video conferencing with up to five people.[27] Skype for Windows, starting with version 3.6.0.216, supports "High Quality Video" with quality and features, e.g. full-screen and screen-in-screen modes, similar to those of mid-range videoconferencing systems.[28] Skype audio conferences currently support up to 25 people at a time, including the host. Skype does not provide the ability to call emergency numbers such as 911 in the United States and Canada, 999 in the United Kingdom and many other countries, 111 in New Zealand, 000 in Australia, or 112 in Europe.[29] The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has ruled that, for the purposes of section 255 of the Telecommunications Act, Skype is not an "interconnected VoIP provider".[30] As a result, the U.S. National Emergency Number Association recommends that all VoIP users have an analog line available as a backup.[31] In 2011 Skype partnered with Comcast to bring its video chat service to Comcast subscribers via their HDTV sets.[32] Usage and traffic Ambox outdated serious.svg This section may need to be updated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the talk page for more information. (February 2012) [show]Usage and traffic Year International call market share 2005 2.9%[45] 2006 4.4%[45] 2008 8%[43] 2010 13%[46] In January 2011, after the release of video calling on the Skype client for iPhone, Skype reached a record 27 million simultaneous online users.[47] This record was broken with 29 million simultaneous online users on 21 February 2011,[48] and again on 28 March 2011 with 30 million online users.[49] On 25 February 2012, Skype announced that it has over 32 million users for the first time ever.[50] As of 5 March 2012, it has broken to 36 million simultaneous online users.[51] In June 2012, Skype had surpassed 70 million downloads on an Android Device.[52] On 19 July 2012, Microsoft has announced that Skype users have logged 115 billion minutes of calls over the quarter, up 50% since the last quarter.[53] Client applications and devices Ambox outdated serious.svg This section may need to be updated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the talk page for more information. (May 2011) Skype runs on a number of platforms, and on 29 October 2007, Skype launched its own mobile phone under the brand name 3 Skypephone, which runs a BREW OS.[54] Other platforms officially supported include: About 50 mobile phones, as of 2008[55] The Nokia N800, N810 and N900 Internet Tablets, which use the Maemo environment The Nokia N9 comes with Skype voice calling and text messaging integrated however lacks video-calling. Both the Sony mylo COM-1 and COM-2 models The PlayStation Portable Slim and Lite series, though the user needs to purchase a specially designed microphone peripheral. The PSP-3000 has a built in microphone which allows communication without the Skype peripheral.[56] PSP Go has the ability to use Bluetooth connections with the Skype application, in addition to its built-in microphone.[57] Skype for PlayStation Vita may be downloaded via the PlayStation Network in the U.S. It includes the capability to receive incoming calls with the application running in the background. Mobile devices running Windows Mobile;[58] in February 2010, Skype announced its decision to discontinue development Skype for Windows Mobile.[59] In May 2010, Skype announced that it had no plans to develop a version of Skype for Windows Phone 7.[60] But at MIX 11, It was announced that Skype is coming to Windows Phone 7.[61] The first stable release was made available on 22 April 2012, though it lacked the ability to run in the background.[62] Symbian; Current Version: 2.0 Release date: 21 April 2011[63] The X-Series together with mobile operator 3. However this uses a regular mobile phone call and iSkoot[64] to a Skype gateway, rather than mobile Internet. Other companies produce dedicated Skype phones which connect via WiFi iOS, using an official application released on 31 March 2009. As of version 2.x, the iPhone application is capable of placing voice calls over 3G and EDGE networks. Skype originally announced it will charge a monthly fee for this feature at the start of 2011, but that was eventually dropped.[65] On 29 December, Skype updated their iOS app to version 3.0, allowing mobile video calling. On 2 August 2011, Skype officially released an iPad app named 'Skype for iPad' which allows the user to have video calls using iPad 2's front and back cameras. The original iPad is also allowed to make calls but only voice calls, The other person on the other side can make a video call if they have a camera, and the original iPad can only receive the video but not send. A variety of BlackBerry and Android 3G Smartphones, through Verizon Wireless' Skype mobile service. Customers can receive Skype calls, instant messages and see friends' presence any time the phone is on. Skype usage isn't charged against customers’ monthly Verizon Wireless minute allowance when calling another Skype account (Skype-to-Skype). Customers in the U.S. use minutes from their calling plan when calling U.S. land lines or cell phones.[66] Some devices are made to work with Skype by talking to a desktop Skype client or by embedding Skype software into the device. These are usually either tethered to a PC, or have a built-in Wi-Fi client to allow calling from Wi-Fi hotspots like the Netgear SPH101 Skype Wi-Fi Phone, the SMC WSKP100 Skype Wi-Fi Phone, the Belkin F1PP000GN-SK Wi-Fi Skype Phone, the Panasonic KX-WP1050 Wi-Fi Phone for Skype Executive Travel Set, the IPEVO So-20 Wi-Fi Phone for Skype and the Linksys CIT200 Wi-Fi Phone. There are also embedded cordless Skype phones based on DECT, which do not need a PC either, like the DUALphone 3088 from RTX. Netgear and SMC's Wi-Fi phones are considered the two major competitors in the market, with reviews of the Wi-Fi phones giving them equal coverage.[citation needed] The Skype Wi-Fi Phone is a wireless mobile phone that allows users to make Skype calls, using a wireless Internet connection. The Skype Wi-Fi Phone has an on-screen menu that lets Skype users see who is online and available to talk, similar to what is seen on a PC. It can also be used to talk with non-Skype users. SkypeOut minutes can be used to call any phone for a low price and no monthly fee. The Skype Wi-Fi phone does not contain a web browser and so can not access hotspots, which require web-based login or authentication.[67] Third-party developers, such as Truphone, Nimbuzz IM and Fring, have allowed Skype to run in parallel with several other competing VoIP/IM networks (Truphone and Nimbuzz provide truphoneOut and NimbuzzOut as a competing paid service) in any Symbian or Java environment. Nimbuzz has made Skype available to BlackBerry users. In July 2010, however, Fring disabled users from accessing Skype despite claiming that Skype themselves disabled the access;[68] Fring had provided mobile video calling over Skype as well as support for the Android platform. Nimbuzz discontinued support on request of Skype in October 2010.[69] Until November 2010, only certain Samsung and Panasonic TVs offered Skype video service.[70] System and Software Protocol Main article: Skype protocol Skype uses a proprietary Internet telephony (VoIP) network called the Skype protocol. The protocol has not been made publicly available by Skype and official applications using the protocol are closed-source. Part of the Skype technology relies on the Global Index P2P protocol belonging to the Joltid Ltd. corporation. The main difference between Skype and standard VoIP clients is that Skype operates on a peer-to-peer model (originally based on the Kazaa software[71]), rather than the more usual client–server model (note that the very popular SIP model of VoIP is also peer-to-peer, but implementation generally requires registration with a server, as does Skype). As far as networking stack support, Skype currently only supports the IPv4 protocol. It lacks support for the next generation Internet protocol, IPv6.[72] Protocol detection and control Many networking and security companies claim to detect and control Skype's protocol for enterprise and carrier applications. While the specific detection methods used by these companies are often private, Pearson's chi-squared test and Naive Bayes classification are two approaches that were published in 2007.[73] Combining statistical measurements of payload properties (such as byte frequencies and initial byte sequences) as well as flow properties (like packet sizes and packet directions) has also shown to be an effective method for identifying Skype's TCP- and UDP-based protocols.[74] Audio codecs G.729 and SVOPC. Skype added a Skype-created codec called SILK to Skype 4.0 for Windows and other Skype clients. SILK is intended to be "lightweight and embeddable".[75] Video codecs VP7 is used for versions prior to Skype 5.5[76][77][78][79][80] As of version 5.7 VP8 is used for both group and one on one standard definition video chat and H264 is used for 720p and 1080p high definition group and one on one video chat.[81][82] Client [icon] This section requires expansion. (June 2012) Clients are available for Microsoft Windows (2000, XP, Vista, 7, 8, Windows Phone, Mobile), iOS (iPad, iPhone, iPod Touch), Mac OS X (Intel, PPC), Symbian S60, Sony PlayStation Portable (PSP), Linux (includes Android, Maemo, Ubuntu, ...), and for 2010 TV models from LG, Panasonic, and Samsung, but these TVs need a special webcam.[83] Skype 4 in Default View running on Windows XP Skype 4 in Default View running on Windows Vista Skype 5.3.0.111 in Default View on Windows 7 Skype 1.2.0.0 running on a Windows Phone 7 device Skype 2.2, running on a Windows Mobile 6 device Skype 2.7, running on Mac OS X Leopard Skype 5.1, running on Mac OS X Snow Leopard Skype 5.1.0.935, running on Mac OS X Snow Leopard Skype 1.0.2 running on iPhone Skype 2.6 running on an Android device Skype Mobile on Verizon 1.6 running on an Android 2.2 device Skype 2.2 beta, running on a Linux desktop Skype 4.0.0.7, running in Ubuntu Linux 12.04 LTS Precise Pangolin Before and during the Microsoft acquisition, Skype withdrew licensing from several third parties producing software and hardware compatible with Skype. The Skype for Asterisk product from Digium was withdrawn as "no longer available for sale".[84] The Senao SN358+ long-range (10–15 km) cordless phone were discontinued due to loss of licenses to participate in the Skype network as peers. In combination these two products made it possible to create roaming cordless mesh networks with robust handoff. Security and privacy Main article: Skype security Skype is claimed to be a secure communication; encryption cannot be disabled, and is invisible to the user. Skype reportedly uses publicly documented, widely trusted encryption techniques: RSA for key negotiation and the Advanced Encryption Standard to encrypt conversations.[85] However, it is impossible to verify that these algorithms are used correctly, completely and at all times as there is no public review possible without a protocol specification and/or the program source code. Skype provides an uncontrolled registration system for users with no proof of identity. Instead, a free choice of nicknames permits users to use the system without revealing their identity to other users. It is trivial to set up an account using any name; the displayed caller's name is no guarantee of authenticity. A third party paper analyzing the security and methodology of Skype was presented at Black Hat Europe 2006. It analyzed Skype and found a number of security issues with the current security model.[86] Skype incorporates some features which tend to hide its traffic, but it is not specifically designed to thwart traffic analysis and therefore does not provide anonymous communication. Some researchers have been able to watermark the traffic so that it is identifiable even after passing through an anonymizing network.[87] In an interview Kurt Sauer, the Chief Security Officer of Skype, said, "We provide a safe communication option. I will not tell you whether we can listen or not."[88] Skype's client uses an undocumented and proprietary protocol. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is concerned by user privacy issues arising from using proprietary software and protocols and has made a replacement for Skype one of their high priority projects.[89] Security researchers Biondi and Desclaux have speculated that Skype may have a back door, since Skype sends traffic even when it is turned off and because Skype has taken extreme measures to obfuscate their traffic and functioning of their program.[90] Several media sources reported that at a meeting about the "Lawful interception of IP based services" held on 25 June 2008, high-ranking unnamed officials at the Austrian interior ministry said that they could listen in on Skype conversations without problems. Austrian public broadcasting service ORF, citing minutes from the meeting, reported that "the Austrian police are able to listen in on Skype connections". Skype declined to comment on the reports.[91][92] The United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has interpreted the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act (CALEA) as requiring digital phone networks to allow wiretapping if authorized by an FBI warrant, in the same way as other phone services. In February 2009 Skype said that, not being a telephone company owning phone lines, it is exempt from CALEA and similar laws which regulate US phone companies, and in fact it is not clear whether Skype could support wiretapping even if it wanted to.[93] According to the ACLU, the Act is inconsistent with the original intent of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution;[94] more recently, the ACLU has expressed the concern that the FCC interpretation of the Act is incorrect.[95][96] It's speculated[by whom?] that recent changes Microsoft has made to Skype's infrastructure may ease wiretapping.[97] On 20 February 2009 the European Union's Eurojust agency announced that the Italian Desk at Eurojust would "play a key role in the coordination and cooperation of the investigations on the use of internet telephony systems (VoIP), such as 'Skype'. ... The purpose of Eurojust’s coordination role is to overcome the technical and judicial obstacles to the interception of internet telephony systems, taking into account the various data protection rules and civil rights"[98] In 2012, Skype introduced automatic updates to better protect users from security risks, but received some challenge from users of the Mac product, as the updates cannot be disabled from version 5.6 on[99] both on Mac OS and Windows versions, although in the latter, and only from version 5.9 on, automatic updating can be turned off in certain cases.[100] According to a 2012 Washington Post article, Skype "has expanded its cooperation with law enforcement authorities to make online chats and other user information available to police"; the article additionally mentions Skype made changes to allow authorities access to addresses and credit card numbers.[101] In November 2012, Skype was reported to have handed over user data of a pro-Wikileaks activist to Dallas, Texas-based private security company iSIGHT Partners without a warrant or court order. The allegation was an apparent breach of Skype's privacy policy. Skype responded with a statement that it launched an internal investigation to probe the breach of user data privacy.[102] 13 November 2012, Russian user published a flaw in Skype security which allowed any non-professional to take over skype account knowing only victim's email with 7 simple steps[103][104]. This vulnerability was claimed to exist for months, and existed for more than 12 hours since published widely. Service in the People's Republic of China This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help improve the article by updating it. There may be additional information on the talk page. (January 2012) Since September 2007, users in China trying to download the Skype software client have been redirected to the site of TOM Online, a joint venture between a Chinese wireless operator and Skype, from which a modified Chinese version can be downloaded.[105] The TOM client participates in China's system of Internet censorship, monitoring text messages between Skype users in China as well as messages exchanged with users outside the country.[106][107] Niklas Zennström, then chief executive of Skype, told reporters that TOM "had implemented a text filter, which is what everyone else in that market is doing. Those are the regulations." He also stated: "One thing that’s certain is that those things are in no way jeopardising the privacy or the security of any of the users."[108] In October 2008, it was reported that TOM had been saving the full message contents of some Skype text conversations on its servers, apparently focusing on conversations containing political issues such as Tibet, Falun Gong, Taiwan independence, and the Chinese Communist Party. The saved messages contain personally identifiable information about the messages' senders and recipients, including IP addresses, usernames, land line phone numbers, and the entire content of the text messages, including the time and date of each message. Information about Skype users outside China who were communicating with a TOM-Skype user was also saved. A server misconfiguration made these log files accessible to the public for a time.[107][109][110] Customer service As of February 2012, Skype provides support through their web support portal, support community, @skypesupport on Twitter, and Skype Facebook page. Direct contact via email and live chat is available through their web support portal. Chat Support is a premium feature available to Skype Premium and some other paid users. In January 2010 Skype rescinded their policy of seizing funds in Skype accounts that have been inactive (no paid call) for 180 days. This was in settlement to a class action lawsuit.[111] A settlement of up to US$4 was paid to persons who opted in to the action. Skype's refund policy states that they will provide refunds in full if a client has used less than 1 euro of their Skype Credit. "Upon a duly submitted request, Skype will refund you on a pro rata basis for the unused period of a Product". Educational use Although Skype is a commercial product, its free version is being used with increasing frequency among teachers and schools interested in global education projects.[112] For example Skype is being used to facilitate language exchange. Students in different parts of the world are paired off, each is a native speaker of the language that the other wishes to learn. In conversations over Skype they alternate between the two languages.[113][114][115] Outages and downtime Ambox outdated serious.svg This section may need to be updated. Please update this section to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished. Please see the talk page for more information. (February 2012) On 16 August 2007, Skype became unavailable to a majority of its users. Millions of users were requesting to log-in at the same time following a routine Windows Update and this flooded the peer-to-peer system. The event lasted for about two days.[116] On 22 December 2010, it was reported that Skype experienced an outage estimated to represent 8 million foregone calls.[117] Skype administrators placed the following message on their Twitter page: "Some of you may have problems signing in to Skype -- we're investigating, and we're sorry for the disruption to your conversations...engineers and site operations are working non-stop to get things back to normal."[118][119] The problem came down to the limited availability of "supernodes", affecting some versions of Skype.[120] Later in the day, Skype's CEO, Tony Bates, issued an apology. He said that the matter was being taken very seriously and was being thoroughly investigated. He said that malicious attack was not being ruled out as a problem cause and he put his estimate of the foregone calls at about 10 million.[121] On 23 December 2010, Skype's blog with Tony Bates issued another apology through a video posted on YouTube for the Skype outage.[122] The problem persisted across the North America, Latin America, Europe and Asia. It had started to subside by 8:30 pm UTC; however users were warned it might take several hours for the program to be fully operative again.[123] It was reported at 9:27 am 23 December UTC that most users were able to log in again although some still could not.[124] On the other hand into Thursday only about a third of the expected traffic was actually using Skype, relative to the time-period.[125] On 23 December 2010, Skype said on its blog that the system had stabilized, and a detailed explanation of the incident was published six days later.[126] Bates offered all Pay As You Go and Pre-Pay customers a free call to any landline as compensation.[127] Subscribers had their subscription extended by one week. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skype

IKIP PGRI Semarang

sejarah

didirikan pada tanggal 23 Juli 1981 oleh Pengurus Daerah Tingkat I PGRI Provinsi Jawa Tengah melalui Yayasan Pembina Lembaga Pendidikan (YPLP) IKIP PGRI Jawa Tengah. Tujuan pendiriannya adalah untuk menyiapkan calon guru berkualitas yang akan turut membangun dan meningkatkan mutu pendidikan serta tercapainya kesejahteraan bagi guru di Indonesia. Dalam sejarah perkembangannya, perjalanan IKIP PGRI Semarang dapat dibagi dalam empat periode besar. Periode pertama adalah periode perintisan kelembagaan (1981-1986). Periode ini ditandai dengan berdirinya IKIP PGRI Jawa Tengah oleh Pengurus Daerah Tingkat I PGRI Provinsi Jawa Tengah di bawah kepemimpinan Drs. Is Riwidigdo. Beberapa tokoh pendirinya antara lain Taruna, S.H.; Drs. Is Riwidigdo; Drs. Karseno; Drs. R. Antonius Supardi Hadiatmodjo; Drs. Muhamad Oemar; Drs. Thomas Saha Adiutomo; Drs. Abdul Latief Nawawi S.H.; Drs. Soeparjo; Ny. Widayati Sumiyatun Soeharto; dan Drs. Teddy Iskandi. Melalui SK Mendikbud No. 0395/0/1984 IKIP PGRI Jawa Tengah berubah menjadi STKIP PGRI Jawa Tengah. Periode kedua adalah periode pembangunan kelembagaan (1987-1992). Pada periode ini, dibawah kepemimpinan Rektor Taruna, S.H., STKIP PGRI Jawa Tengah berubah nama menjadi IKIP PGRI Semarang. Periode ketiga adalah periode pembangunan akademik (1993-1997). Periode ini dibawah kepemimpinan Rektor Prof. Drs. Satmoko dengan fokus utama meningkatkan mutu dosen melalui program studi lanjut. Proses pembangunan akademik disempurnakan pada era kepemimpinan Prof. Drs. Sugijono, M.Sc. (1997-2001) yang memiliki enam program studi yaitu: Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia (PBSI), Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris (PBI), Pendidikan Matematika (Pend. Mat), Psikologi Pendidikan dan Bimbingan (PPB), Pendidikan Pancasila dan Kewarganegaraan (PPKn); dan Pendidikan Biologi (Pend. Bio). Keenam program studi tersebut diajukan pada Badan Akreditasi Nasional Perguruan Tinggi (BAN PT) dengan perolehan akreditasi B. Periode keempat adalah periode pengembangan (2001-2009). Di bawah kepemimpinan Rektor Dr. Sulistiyo, M.Pd., IKIP PGRI Semarang yang sempat diwacanakan akan berubah menjadi universitas memantapkan diri untuk bertahan dengan bentuk IKIP. Euforia berbagai perguruan tinggi untuk mengubah nama justru membuat IKIP PGRI Semarang semakin fokus sebagai perguruan tinggi pencetak tenaga kependidikan. Pada masa ini, peningkatan tajam terlihat dengan melejitnya posisi IKIP PGRI Semarang sebagai 5 (lima) besar Perguruan Tinggi Swasta (PTS) yang paling diminati calon mahasiswa. Masih dalam periode ini, seiring dengan masih banyaknya kekurangan guru, khususnya guru TK dan SD, pada tahun 2003, IKIP PGRI Semarang membuka program studi D-2 Pendidikan Guru Taman Kanak-Kanak (PGTK) dan tahun 2004 membuka program studi D-2 Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar (PGSD). Pada tahun 2009 program studi PGSD D-2 ditingkatkan ke jenjang S-1 dan program studi PGTK D-2 ditingkatkan ke jenjang S-1 dengan nama Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (PAUD). Bahkan, untuk mendukung program Gubernur Jawa Tengah tentang Bahasa Jawa sebagai mata pelajaran muatan lokal, IKIP PGRI Semarang juga mengembangkan program studi Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Jawa. Periode kelima (2009-sekarang) merupakan periode yang menekankan pada pendidikan karakter. Pada periode tersebut, IKIP PGRI Semarang di bawah kepemimpinan Rektor Muhdi, S.H. M.Hum. yang hingga saat ini terus mensosialisasikan metode pembelajaran pendidikan karakter pada anak didik. Berbagai kegiatan untuk mewujudkan terlaksananya pendidikan karakter terus digalakkan pada periode tersebut. Pada periode ini pula, diwacanakan akan dibuka program pengganti Pendidikan AKTA IV yaitu Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG) pada tahun 2011 mendatang. Pendidikan Profesi Guru tersebut merupakan salah satu jalan untuk membentuk lulusan-lulusan guru yang bersertifikat khusus dari pemerintah. Selain itu, pada periode tersebut IKIP PGRI Semarang telah membuka Program Pasca Sarjana (S2) pada tahun 2010 dengan konsentrasi program studi Manajemen Pendidikan. . profil Visi * Menjadi Lembaga Pendidikan Tenaga Kependidikan yang profesional dan berjati diri Misi * Menghasilkan tenaga kependidikan yang memiliki kompetensi pedagogik, kepribadian, profesional, dan sosial. * Mengembangkan budaya akademik yang berjati diri (dilandasi nilai-nilai religius, nasionalis, pengabdian dan pelayanan). * Menanamkan sifat dan semangat PGRI Tujuan 1. Menghasilkan * Guru yang memiliki kompetensi pedagogik, kepribadian, profesional dan sosial ; * Peneliti novatif dalam bidang pendidikan ; * Pustakawan profesional pada lembaga kependidikan ; * Laboran profesional pada lembaga kependidikan ; dan * Anggota masyarakat yang membangun 2. Menjadi pusat riset pendidikan 3. Menjadi pusat layanan pendidikan 4. Menjadi lembaga sertifikasi tenaga kependidikan Lambang a) Suluh berdiri tegak bercorak empat garis tegak dan datar berwarna kuning dengan nyala lima sinar api berwarna merah melambangkan : *Suluh dengan empat garis tegak dan datar berwarna kuning berarti fungsi guru (pra sekolah, SD, SLTP, SMA/K, dan PT) dengan melihat tugas pengabdian sebagai pendidik yang besar dan luhur. *Nyala api dengan lima sinar merah berarti ideology pancasila. Arti teknik : sasaran budi, cipta, rasa, karsa dan karya generasi *Empat buku mengapit suluh dengan posisi dua datar dan dua tegak (simetris) dengan corak warna putih, melambangkan : sumber ilmu yang menyangkut nilai moral pengetahuan, keterampilan dan akhlak bagi tingkatan lembaga-lembaga pendidikan. *Warna tegak hijau melambangkan kemakmuran generasi. *Pita putih bertuliskan Yayasan Pembina Lembaga Pendidikan sebagai penyanggga sayap, melambangkan ikatan yang kokoh kuat guru seluruh Indonesia di dalam mengejar cita-cita. b) Pada buku bagian bawah warna putih dengan tulisan PGRI berwarna merah, melambangkan pengabdian yang dilandasi kesucian, cinta kasih, kemurnian, dan keberanian bagi kepentingan rakyat. c) Sayap kiri-kanan terdiri masing-masing lima helai bulu berwarna kuning melambangkan: cita-cita setinggi angkasa dibidang pendidikan berdasarkan Pancasila, membina tunas muda harapan bangsa ke masa depan yang cerah dan gemilang. d) Tulisan Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia berwarna hitam, Melambangkan Institute sebagai satuan pendidikan dibawah Departemen Pendidikan Nasional yang bernaung di bawah Yayasan. e) Singkatan IKIP berwarna merah melambangkan kedudukan Institut sebagai lembaga pendidikan tinggi. f) Tulisan Semarang berwarna merah, menunjukan tempat kedudukan. Profil PGRI Jawa Tengah PDF Cetak Surel Ditulis oleh yudi Sabtu, 07 Juli 2007 09:54 Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia (PGRI) yang lahir pada tanggal 25 November 1945, dengan keuletan, kekompakan, kejuangan dan perjuangannya serta anggota sebanyak 1,5 juta orang telah membuktikan dan menempatkan PGRI sebagai organisasi guru dan tenaga kependidikan lainnya yang terbesar di Indonesia, dan tetap eksis hingga sekarang. Di samping itu, PGRI juga merupakan bagian dari organisasi guru dunia terbesar dengan 25 juta anggota. Hal tersebut karena PGRI merupakan wadah bagi guru yang telah membuktikan perannya secara dinamis, prospektif dan mampu menjawab tantangan masa depan. Melalui Kongres XVIII tahun 1998 di Bandung dan melalui Kongres XIX tahun 2003 di Semarang PGRI menegaskan kembali ke jatidiri sejak kelahirannya, sebagai organisasi perjuangan dan organisasi profesi serta organisasi ketenagakerjaan yang bersifat unitaristik, independen, dan tidak berpolitik praktis. PGRI Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan 248.250 anggota, dalam derap langkahnya sebagaimana amanat konferda, memiliki program kerja yang sesuai dengan jatidirinya dan dilaksanakan secara terpadu. PGRI Jawa Tengah dengan 35 PGRI Kabupaten/Kota, 618 Pengurus Cabang, dan 225.446 anggota dikenal solid dan paling baik dan kuat dari seluruh PGRI se-Indonesia PGRI Jawa Tengah memiliki Anak Lembaga seperti Pengurus Daerah Yayasan Pembina Lembaga Pendidikan (YPLP) PGRI Jawa Tengah yang mengelola lembaga pendidikan terdiri dari 344 TK dengan (13.354) siswa, 1 SD (79 siswa), 154 SMP (39.043 siswa), 39 SMA (17.841) siswa), dan 30 SMK (11.179 siswa). Di samping itu ada YPLP PT PGRI Semarang yang mengelola IKIP PGRI Semarang dengan 4 fakultas yaitu FIP, FPBS, FPMIPA, serta FPIPS dan 9 prodi yaitu Psikologi Pendidikan dan Bimbingan, PGTK, PPKN, Matematika, Biologi, Fisika, Pendidikan Bahasa dan Satra Indonesia, Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris, Pendidikan dan Sastra Bahasa Jawa. Semua prodi telah terakreditasi A dan B. Jumlah Mahasiswa pada tahun akademik 2007/2008 sebanyak 11.196 orang. IKIP PGRI Semarang ditunjuk sebagai penyelenggara sertifikasi guru dan Rektor IKIP PGRI Semarang ditugasi sebagai anggota Konsorsium Sertifikasi Guru PPTN/PTS. Keberadaan IKIP PGRI Semarang yang perkembangannya cukup baik tidak saja membanggakan tetapi juga sangat membantu anggota PGRI dalam peningkatan kualifikasi akademik. Untuk melindungi para guru PGRI Jawa Tengah juga memiliki Lembaga Konsultasi dan Bantuan Hukum (LKBH) PGRI Cabang Jawa Tengah yang terus berkembang dan semakin dirasakan kehadirannya di kalangan anggota. Untuk tahun 2007 LKBH PGRI Cabang Jawa Tengah menangani 17 kasus litigasi dan 8 kasus nonlitigasi, serta memberikan konsultasi hukum terhadap 63 klien. Saat ini di setiap kabupaten/kota telah terbentuk LKBH PGRI Perwakilan, sekalipun kualitas kinerja masih perlu ditingkatkan. Untuk menunjang berbagai kegiatan organisasi PGRI Jawa Tengah juga memiliki beberapa badan khusus seperti: a) Yayasan Dana Setiakawan Pensiun PGRI Jawa Tengah pada bulan Juni 2007 telah menyesuaikan dengan UU no. 16 Tahun 2001, dengan penyesuaian menjadi Yayasan Dana Setiakawan Guru Jawa Tengah yang manfaat utamanya adalah memberikan santunan kepada anggota/guru yang pensiun, dan uang duka kepada anggota/guru yang meninggal. Sejak tahun 1987 sampai bulan Desember 2007 telah memberikan sumbangan untuk 95.911 orang yang purnatugas dengan nominal Rp. 115.551.533.506,25 b) Forum Komunikasi Pengembangan Profesi Guru (FKPPG) PGRI Jawa Tengah terus menerus melakukan aktivitas di masing-masing kabupaten/kota sesuai dengan kondisi sumber daya manusia, sarana prasarana, maupun anggaran yang dapat diusahakan oleh kabupaten/kota melalui hubungan kerjasama yang baik dengan pemerintah daerah setempat dan pihak lain yang memungkinkan. c) Badan Penerbitan PGRI Jawa Tengah. Badan khusus ini sejak Februari 2000 menerbitkan majalah Derap Guru Jateng yang terbit setiap bulan. Sampai sekarang telah menerbitkan 118 edisi. Majalah ini melayani pelanggan sebanyak 19.837 eksemplar. Anak Lembaga PDF Cetak Surel Ditulis oleh yudi Selasa, 01 Desember 2009 15:02 SUSUNAN PENGURUS YAYASAN DANA SETIA KAWAN GURU JAWA TENGAH MASA BAKTI XX Pembina : Ketua Pengurus PGRI Provinsi Jawa Tengah Ketua : Tulus Wibowo, S.H., S.Pd., M.Si. Wakil Ketua : Muhdi, S.H., M.Hum. Sekretaris : Dra. Sri Suciati, M.Hum. Wakil Sekretaris : Drs. Sardju Maheri, M.Pd. Bendahara : H. Sakbani, S.Pd., M.H. Pengawas Ketua : Taruna, S.H. Wakil ketua : Amir Ambyah Sekretaris : H. Ruslan, S.IP., M.M. Anggota : Ngasbun Egar, S.Pd., M.Pd. (Korwil Kares Semarang) Drs. Waridjan (Korwil Kares Pati) Samiaji, S.E., M.M. (Korwil Kares Surakarta) Robby Agustiono (Korwil Kares Pekalongan) Drs. Takdir Widagdo (Korwil Kares Banyumas) Drs. H. Agus Septadi (Korwil Kares Kedu) SUSUNAN PENGURUS YPLP PT PGRI SEMARANG MASA BAKTI XX Pembina : Ketua Pengurus PGRI Provinsi Jawa Tengah Ketua : Dr. Sudharto, M.A. Wakil Ketua : Taruna, S.H. Sekretaris : Drs. Maryanto, M.Si. Wakil Sekretaris : Drs. Rustopo, S.H., M.H. Bendahara : Dr. H. Rahmat Rais, M.Ag. Anggota : Dra. Tri Suyati, M.Pd. Pengawas 1. H. Sakbani, S.Pd., M.H. 2. H. Widadi, S.H. . SUSUNAN PENGURUS YPLP DIKASMEN PGRI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH MASA BAKTI XX Pembina : Ketua Pengurus PGRI Provinsi Jawa Tengah Ketua : H. Widadi, S.H. Wakil Ketua : Drs. Sardju Maheri, M.Pd. Sekretaris : Drs. Sukasdi Wakil Sekretaris : Drs. Kartono, M.Pd. Bendahara : Drs. Warsito, M.M. Anggota : Drs. Purwadi Drs. Hajudin Alwi, M.Pd. Pengawas 1. Drs. H. Suprat Soegiyarto 2. Drs. Bambang Mursito SUSUNAN PENGURUS LKBH PGRI CABANG JAWA TENGAH MASA BAKTI XX Ketua : Taruna, S.H. Wakil Ketua : H. Widadi, S.H. Sekretaris : Sapto Budoyo, S.H., M.H. Wakil Sekretaris : Drs. Wahyu Widodo, S.H., M.Hum. Bendahara : Ulis Widjoretno, S.H. Tim Tehnik Advokasi 1. Sapto Budoyo, S.H., M.H. 2. Drs. Wahyu Widodo, S.H., M.Hum. 3. Ulis Widjoretno, S.H. 4. Budi Lazarusli, S.H., M.H. 5. Widi utomo, S.H. SUSUNAN PENGURUS BADAN PENERBITAN PGRI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH MASA BAKTI XX Pembina : Ketua Pengurus PGRI Provinsi Jawa Tengah Ketua : Drs. Amsori, S.H., M.M. Wakil Ketua : Muhdi, S.H., M.Hum. Sekretaris : Ir. Suwarno Widodo, M.Si. Bendahara : H. Sakbani, S.Pd., M.H. Anggota : Drs. Bisri, S.H., M.Pd. SUSUNAN PENGURUS FKPPG PGRI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH MASA BAKTI XX Ketua : Dra. Titi Priyatiningsih, M.Pd. Wakil Ketua : Drs. Slamet Rahardjo Sekretaris : Enny Prasetyawati, Ama. Anggota : Sapto Budoyo, S.H., M.H. Ir. Suwarno Widodo, M.Si. SUSUNAN PENGURUS UNIT KEGIATAN PGRI PROVINSI JAWA TENGAH MASA BAKTI XX 1. Hotel Kencana Ketua : Ketua Pengurus PGRI Kabupaten Purbalingga Sekretaris/bendahara : Sekbid Ketenagakerjaan dan Kesejahteraan Pengurus PGRI Kabupaten Purbalingga 2. Yayasan Dana Setia Kawan Guru Jateng Ketua : Muhdi, S.H., M.Hum. Sekretaris/bendahara : H. Sakbani, S.Pd., M.H. Terakhir Diperbaharui pada Jumat, 04 Juni 2010 04:35 Sejarah lahirnya PGRI PDF Cetak Surel MENGENANG LAHIRNYA PGRI DI SOLO Pada waktu proklamasi kemerdekaan tanggal 17 Agustus 1945, Pemerintah Militer Jepang masih berkuasa di seluruh wilayah Indonesia, walaupun pemerintah pusatnya sudah menyerah kalah pada sekutu. Terjadilah perebutan kekuasaan antara pemerintah militer Jepang yang masih mau mempertahankan kekuasaannya yang sudah goyah dengan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia yang baru saja memproklamirkan kemerdekaannya. Perebutan kekuasaan tersebut ada yang berlangsung melalui pertempuran, ada yang melalui perundingan. Dalam beberapa waktu berhasil diselesaikan penyerahan kekuasaan pemerintah militer Jepang kepada Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia belum sempat mengadakan konsolidasi, tiba-tiba datang mendarat bersama-sama tentara sekutu, tentara Pemerintah Hindia Belanda dalam jumlah yang besar dengan senjata lengkap serba modern. Pemerintah Hindia Belanda bermaksud mengambil alih pemerintahan dan menguasai kembali Indonesia seperti pada waktu sebelumnya. Terjadilah perang kemerdekaan Indonesia melawan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda yang dibantu tentara Sekutu. Walaupun persenjataan tentara Hindia Belanda serba lengkap dan modern baik di darat, laut, maupun udara, tetapi ternyata mereka tidak dapat maju dengan cepat, bahkan terpaksa berhenti tidak mampu menembus lebih jauh garis pertahanan tentara kita yang bersenjata serba sederhana. Menghadapi kenyataan pahit itu, terpaksa Pemerintah Hindia Belanda mengadakan perundingan dan mengakui secara de facto Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, dan kemudian diadakan gencatan senjata antara kedua belah pihak. Perundingan menghasilkan persetujuan yang mengikat kedua belah pihak untuk menghormati dan melaksanakan keputusan bersama. Dalam persetujuan tersebut ditetapkan garis kedudukan pasukan masing-masing yang dikenal dengan garis demarkasi, sehingga terjadilah status quo. Walaupun persetujuan telah ditandatangani oleh kedua belah pihak, pelanggaran tetap saja terjadi. Dalam keadaan yang terancam itu, Pemerintah Republik Indonesia masih harus mampu mengatasi gejolak golongan masyarakat tertentu yang tidak dapat mengendalikan diri, memperjuangkan dan memaksakan aspirasi golongannya kepada Pemerintah. Bentrokan-bentrokan tidak dapat dihindari lagi dan berakibat melemahkan kedudukan Pemerintah kita. Meskipun demikian, instansi pemerintah dengan sekolah-sekolah, toko, pasar, dan lembaga masyarakat tetap terus berjalan. Kegiatan instansi dan lembaga tersebut memang sangat terbatas karena sumber daya dan dana yang minim. Demikian pula keadaan pendidikan dan sekolah-sekolah. Sementara itu, sisa-sisa sikap mental zaman penjajahan Pemerintah Hindia Belanda dan Pemerintah Militer Jepang memberi bekas yang dalam di lingkungan pendidikan yang memerlukan waktu lama untuk menghapusnya. Pada jaman penjajahan, pemerintah Belanda menerapkan politik devide et impera, yang secara umum mennjadikan kita terpecah-pecah kemudian dikuasi. Cara tersebut dilakukan di segala bidang. Hal-hal yang berbeda walaupun kecil mengenai sifat, tabiat, bahasa, agama, dan adat istiadat masyarakat Indonesia selalu dibesar-besarkan kemudian dihasut, diadu domba antara golongan satu dengan yang lain. Dengan demikian di antara bangsa Indonesia tidak ada rasa kesatuan, persatuan, dan kesamaan nasib, justru tertanam rasa benci, curiga, dan permusuhan satu dengan yang lain. Dalam kondisi dan situasi yang demikian itu, di Kota Solo, di aula Sekolah Guru Putri (SGP) yang terletak di Jalan kartini (sekarang SMP 3 dan 10) berlangsung Kongres Guru Pertama yang melahirkan organisasi profesi, organisasi perjuangan dan serikat pekerja yang bernama “Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia” (PGRI) yang nasionalis dan unitaristik. Dengan lahirnya PGRI di awal kemerdekaan yang diwarnai dengan ledakan bom dan mesiu perang kemerdekaan, maka hapus sudah organisasi kelompok-kelompok guru yang berlainan aspirasi perjuangannya. Semua guru bersatu, berjuang di bawah panji PGRI. Sampai sekarang, sampai diresmikannya Monumen PGRI di kota kelahirannya ini, PGRI menjadi organisasi yang besar, kuat, dan berwibawa. Persiapan Kongres Pertama Pada majalah Suara Guru edisi Khusus peringatan Hari Ulang Tahun ke-40 PGRI yang terbit 31 Oktober 1985, Bapak Moch. Hoesodo, salah seorang guru SGP, menulis sebagai berikut: “Pada permulaan bulan Oktober 1945, saya menerima undangan dari Bapak Kusnan-Kepala Sekolah Guru Puteri- untuk menghadiri suatu pertemuan di rumahnya, di rumah dinasnya di Jalan Kartini no. 22 (dalam kampus SGP). Waktu itu saya mengira pertemuan tersebut akan membicarakan soal-soal kedinasan. Hadir dalam pertemuan itu kira-kira sepuluh orang. Beberapa orang di antaranya masih saya ingat namanya yaitu Bapak Siswowardojo, Bapak Siswowidijom dan Bapak Baroya. Semuanya guru, mulai dari Sekolah Rakyat (kini bernama SD), SMP, SMY (kini SMA), Sekolah Guru sampai Sekolah Teknik. Latar belakang pendidikannya saya ketahui: ada yang HKS, dari HIK, dari KS, NS, dan lain-lain. Agamanya pun berbeda-beda: Islam, Kristen, Katholik” Bapak Kusnan mengutarakan apa maksud diadakan pertemuan itu. Beliau mengajak para hadirin untuk membentuk suatu persatuan guru, yang akan mempersatukan semua guru, dengan tidak memandang latar belakang pendidikan atau agama, sehingga tidak akan terulang lagi keadaan seperti pada zaman kolonial: ada HKS Bond, ada OVO, ada PGRI, ada NSB, dsb. Segenap hadirin menyambut baik ide pak Kusnan itu. Tidak ada yang tidak setuju. Rapat akhirnya memutuskan untuk menyebut persatuan itu sebagai PGSI (Persatuan Guru Seluruh Indonesia). Pak Kusnan terpilih sebagai ketuanya yang pertama. Atas inisiatif pak Kusnan, PGSI mengajak semua guru di wilayah Republik Indonesia untuk berkongres di Solo. Untuk memberi kesempatan mengadakan persiapan secukupnya, maka kongres itu direncanakan, diselenggarakan pada akhir bulan November 1945, di gedung SGP, di Jalan Kartini, Solo. Surat-surat ajakan untuk mengadakan Kongres Guru itu dijatuhkan di Kantor Kabupaten yang kemudian diteruskan kepada Kantor Pengajaran dari daerah yang bersangkutan. (Redaksi: agaknya Sdr. Moch. Hoesodo tidak mengetahui, bahwa RRI telah memberi bantuan dengan menyiarkan ajakan PGSI tersebut beberapa kali). Sambutan dari daerah-daerah lain luar biasa, semuanya antusias dengan ide dari Solo itu. Pada saya tidak ada catatan berapa orang yang hadir dalam kongres pertama itu, dan mewakili berapa kabupaten. “Adapun SGP yang dijadikan medan kongres itu sudan semestinya. Bukankah ketua PGSI juga menjabat Kepala SGP? Di SGP tersedia sebuah asrama. Murid-murid diliburkan selama kongres agar asrama bisa digunakan sebagai tempat penginapan para peserta kongres.” Perlu dijelaskan bahwa selama kongres itu para siswa yang diliburkan hanya para siswa yunior, sedang para senior dan guru-guru membantu panitia kongres sesuai dengan bakatnya masing-masing. Ketua panitia Bapak B. Suparno dan Bapak Ali Marsaban sebagai Wakil Ketua. Saat-saat yang Menentukan Bapak Ali Marsaban sebagai Wakil Ketua Panitia kongres menulis kesan mendalam sebagai berikut: “waktu kongres akan dimulai, Bapak Suparno jatuh sakit, sehingga tugas membuka kongres diberikan kepada saya. Sayalah yang mendapat kehormatan untuk mengetokkan palu yang pertama kalinya sebagai tanda akan lahirnya suatu organisasi guru satu-satunya di Republik Indonesia. Pengalaman ini akan saya bawa ke liang kubur, sebagai kenangan manis di dunia-akhirat.” Pada majalah Suara Guru No. 50 bulan November 1974 mengenai jalannya Kongres Pertama, Bapak Kusnan dalam suatu wawancara mengatakan: “Kongres pertama PGRI berlangsung dari awal sampai akhir di gedung SGP Solo, pembukaannya, perdebatannya, penetapan AD/ART, program perjuangan dan penetapan namanya. Hal ini diketahui benar oleh bekas-bekas guru dan bekas-bekas murid SGP dalam tahun 1945 dan 1946.” Sedang resepsi dan pengumuman keputusan-keputusan kongres diselenggarakan di gedung Sana Harsana dan berlangsung pada esok harinya sesudah kongres berakhir. Tentang resepsi itu sendiri Bapak Kusnan menyatakan: “Masih ingat benar bahwa rapat terbuka tersebut tidak dihadiri oleh banyak pengunjung/tamu. Sebagian peserta kongres telah meninggalkan kota Solo, pulang kembali ke daerahnya masing-masing. Tidak karena takut atas serangan sebuah kapal terbang Inggris pada gedung RRI pada hari terkahir kongres di SGP, tetapi karena kehadiran mereka sangat diperlukan untuk memperhebat semangat mengusir Belanda dengan NICA-nya dari daerahnya masing-masing. Banyak pembesar pun tidak hadir, karena Bapak-bapak itu harus tetap di posnya masing-masing untuk menghadapi segala kemungkinan. Namun pertemuan di gedung Sana Harsana mempunyai arti yang penting. Dari tempat itu disiarkan telah berdirinya PGRI yang unitaristis, independen, dan non partai politik dengan tujuan pokok: mempertahankan dan menyempurnakan Republik Indonesia sebagai Negara Kesatuan yang telah merdeka dan tidak terpecah-pecah.” Pada edisi Suara Guru tersebut Bapak Kusnan menceritakan:”…..Pada waktu membahasa AD/ART PGRI, jam 08.30 pagi (oleh Bapak Kusnan dikoreksi menjadi siang hari) stasiun radio Surakarta yang jaraknya hanya beberapa ratus meter dari gedung SGP, tempat utusan PGRI bersidang dibom oleh Inggris. Para peserta mencari perlindungan di bawah meja dan di luar gedung SGP, namun setelah kapal terbang pergi, dengan tabah hati para peserta/utusan melanjutkan sidang dan hari itu juga sidang berhasil menetapkan AD/ART PGRI dan memilih Pengurus Besar yang pertama. Hal itu membuktikan bahwa PGRI sejak lahirnya adalah organisasi perjuangan, tidak hanya menuntu perbaikan nasib saja, akan tetapi lebih dari jauh dari itu: bahwa PGRI tetap konsisten terhadap perjuangan dan cita-cita Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945.” Dalam kongres itu utusan dari Solo mengusulkan nama PGSI untuk persatuan guru yang baru itu, tetapi kongres memilih nama lain yang lebih tepat, yaitu PGRI, singkatan dari Persatuan Guru Republik Indonesia. Nama PGRI merupakan usulan kawan-kawan guru Jawa Barat yang berjiwa unitaristis. Kongres memilih Bapak Amin Singgih sebagai Ketua I PGRI dan Bapak Rh. Kusnan sebagai ketua II. Modal PGRI: Tekad dan Semangat Perjuangan PGRI berdiri bermodal tekad semangat perjuangan. Bapak Amin Singgih, Ketua PGRI, segera melengkapi susunan Pengurus Besar yang ditetapkan pada rapat pertama yang diselenggarakan di salah satu ruangan kantor Mangkunegaran. Bapak Amin Singgih menjabat Kepala Pendidikan Mangunegaran atau disebut Pembesasr Baroyowiyoto. Maka susunan Pengurus Besar PGRI adalah sebagai berikut: a. Ketua I: Amin Singgih b. Ketua II: Rh. Kusnan c. Ketua III: Soemitro d. Penulis I: Djajeng Sugianto e. Penulis II: Ali Marsaban f. Bendahara I: Sumadi Adisasmito g. Bendahara II: Martosudigdo h. Anggota: Siti Wahyunah i. Anggota: Siswowidjojo j. Anggota: Siswowardojo k. Anggota: Parmodjo Dua bulan kemudian Bapak Amin Singgih diangkat menjadi Bupati Mangkunegaran, sehingga karena kesibukannya terpaksa mengundurkan diri sebagai Ketua PGRI. Pimpinan PGRI diserahkan kepada Bapak Rh Kusnan yang menjabat Ketua II. Kembali SGP memegang peranan dalam keberadaan PGRI, karena sejak Bapak Rh Kusnan menjadi Ketua PGRI maka Kantor Pengurus Besar PGRI berada di kampus SGP yang sementara itu sudah pindah di Jalan Monginsidi, Margoyudan. Susunan Pengurus Besar berubah menjadi sebagai berikut: a. Ketua I: Rh. Kusnan b. Penulis I: Sastrosumarto c. Penulis II: Kadjat Martosubroto d. Bendahara I: Sumidi Adisasmito e. Bendahara II: Martosudigdo f. Anggauta: Djajengsugianto g. Anggauta: Siswowardojo h. Anggauta: Ny. Nurhalmi i. Anggauta: Suspanji Atmowirogo j. Anggauta: Baroja Di tengah kancah perang kemerdekaan yang makin hebat, PGRI di bawah pimpinan Rh. Kusnan yang penuh kreativitas menunjukkan kehadirannya dalam perjuangan besar bangsa dan negaranya. - PGRI mengutamakan bergerak sebagai organisasi perjuangan yang membina persatuan dan kesatuan dalam menentang Belanda yang hendak menjajah Indonesia kembali. PGRI belum merupakan serikat sekerja yang memperjuangkan kepentingannya sendiri melalui segala bentuk tuntutan. - Dalam keadaan serba kekurangan sumber daya, Pengurus Besar PGRI berhasil mengusahakan penerbitan majalah “Soeara Goeroe” dengan kertas merang yang warnanya kekuning-kuningan. Sesudah dibaca oleh 10 orang huruf-hurufnya tidak terbaca lagi (baik kualitas kertas maupun sistem pengecapannya sangat sederhana). - Pengurus Besar tidak mudah berkunjung ke daerah-daerah karena kesulitan komunikasi dan gangguan keamanan. Perjalanan kereta api seringkali terhenti karena kekurangan atau kehabisan bahan bakar. Dalam perjalanan seringkali harus menghadapi pos-pos penjagaan yang mengadakan pemeriksaan terhadap orang-orang yang dicurigai. - PGRI mula-mula memperkuat Barisan Buruh Indonesia (BBI) sebagai gerakan buruh nasional yang menentang penjajah Belanda. Tetapi ketika BBI sebagai gerakan buruh nasional pada tahun 1946 diubah menjadi Partai Buruh Indonesia maka PGRI keluar dari BBI. Demikian pula halnya dengan Sentral Organisasi Buruh Seluruh Indonesia (SOBSI). Ketika SOBSI masih nonpartai, semua serikat sekerja menjadi anggota. Tetapi setelah SOBSI berganti corak, menginduk Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI) maka banyak serikat sekerja termasuk PGRI yang meninggalkan SOBSI dan membentuk Gabungan Serikat Buruh Indonesia (GSBI). - PGRI tidak mempunyai uang karena kontribusi atau iuran tidak masuk dan tidak ada donatur. Pada tanggal 22-23 Desember 1946 PGRI menyelenggarakan kongres kedua dengan mendapatkan bantuan dari pemerintah. Kongres Kedua PGRI diselenggarakan di Pendhopo Kepatihan Surakarta dan dihadiri oleh Bapak Presiden Sukarno. Dalam penyelenggaraan kongres tersebut, para siswa dan guru-guru SGP juga ikut membantu, sampai ikut mencari dana dengan menyelenggarakan pertunjukan di Sriwedari. Pada kongres PGRI Bapak Rh. Kusnan sebagai ketua PGRI menyampaikan pidato yang isi ringkasnya seperti berikut: - Dalam alam Indonesia Merdeka hendaknya dunia pendidikan juga diadakan perubahan sehingga tidak sama sistem dan pelaksanaannya dengan zaman pemerintahan Hindia Belanda dan penjajahan pemerintah militer Jepang, supaya selekasnya didasarkan kepada kepentingan nasional. - Hendaknya bagi lulusan sekolah kejuruan juga mendapat kesempatan yang sama dengan lulusan sekolah umum dapat melanjutkan ke universitas atau perguruan tinggi. Dengan demikian, jumlah sarjana akan lebih cepat bertambah. - Diusulkan agar kedudukan guru diperbaiki tanpa menyinggung-nyinggung kenaikan gaji. Maksudnya ialah agar bagi para guru diberi kesempatan untuk meningkatkan jenjang jabatannya melalui pendidikan yang sesuai, misalnya guru SD dapat meningkat menjadi guru SMP, kemudian SMA dan Universitas melalui pendidikan yang ditentukan. Pendidikan tersebut dapat berupa kursus baik lisan maupun tertulis. Dengan demikian guru menjadi tertarik untuk terus belajar meningkatkan ilmu dan kemahirannya sampai jenjang yang tertinggi. - Supaya gaji guru tidak terhenti dalam satu kolom. - Hendaknya diadakan Undang-Undang Pokok Pendidik dan Undang-Undang Pokok Perburuhan. Pidato tersebut ditutup dengan semboyan: “Guru bukan penghias alam yang tidak dapat dipakai kalau perlu dan dibuang kalau sudah layu dan tidak berguna lagi. Guru ialah pembentuk jiwa, pembangun masyarakat.” (admin)