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Model PTK (Penelitian Tindakan Kelas) spiral dikembangkan oleh Stephen Kemmis dan Robin McTaggart sebagai bentuk pengembangan dari konsep action research.
Model ini disebut model spiral karena prosesnya berbentuk siklus berulang (berputar) yang terus berkembang dan memperbaiki tindakan sebelumnya. Setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahap utama:
Perencanaan (Planning)
Guru mengidentifikasi masalah pembelajaran dan merancang tindakan perbaikan yang akan dilakukan.
Tindakan (Acting)
Rencana yang telah dibuat kemudian diterapkan dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas.
Observasi (Observing)
Peneliti atau guru mengamati dan mengumpulkan data mengenai pelaksanaan tindakan serta dampaknya terhadap siswa.
Refleksi (Reflecting)
Guru menganalisis hasil observasi untuk menilai keberhasilan tindakan dan menentukan perbaikan pada siklus berikutnya.
Bersifat siklik dan berulang (minimal dua siklus).
Menekankan refleksi kritis sebagai inti perbaikan.
Dilakukan secara kolaboratif (guru bisa bekerja sama dengan peneliti/observer).
Berorientasi pada perbaikan praktik pembelajaran secara langsung.
Perencanaan → Tindakan → Observasi → Refleksi →
(hasil refleksi menjadi dasar) → Perencanaan baru → Tindakan → Observasi → Refleksi → dan seterusnya.
Semakin banyak siklus dilakukan, semakin tajam perbaikan pembelajaran yang dihasilkan.
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Behind My Back
Tak kusangka—
the smile was only borrowed light,
while in the shadows
my name was being broken
into cruel syllables.
I stood there,
thinking we were building trust,
while you were building stories—
sharp, glittering lies
thrown quietly at my back.
It hurts—
not because the words are heavy,
but because they came
from a mouth
that once called me friend.
If there is justice in the turning sky,
let karma walk its patient road.
Let every whisper return
to the lips that shaped it.
Let truth rise
like morning—
inevitable and bright.
As for me—
may I be guarded
by unseen hands of mercy.
May every evil intention
dissolve before it reaches my door.
May the traps set in darkness
collapse under their own weight.
O Protector of wounded hearts,
distance me from cruel souls,
from smiling daggers,
from honeyed poison.
If they choose shadows,
let me choose light.
If they throw stones,
let me grow wings.
And one day—
when the wind carries my name again,
may it carry it clean,
untouched,
and stronger than before.
Here is a clear and academic comparison of TAM, TTF, and UTAUT, commonly used in technology adoption research (very relevant to your AI-in-education studies).
1️⃣ Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Developed by Fred Davis (1989)
🔹 Core Idea
Users adopt technology if they believe it is:
🔹 Basic Model
PEOU → PU → Attitude → Behavioral Intention → Actual Use
🔹 Strengths
🔹 Weaknesses
🔹 Suitable When:
You want to examine students’ or teachers’ acceptance of AI tools, such as AI-supported IBL applications in EFL writing.
2️⃣ Task-Technology Fit (TTF)
Developed by Dale Goodhue & Ronald Thompson (1995)
🔹 Core Idea
Technology will be used and improve performance only if it fits the task.
🔹 Key Components
🔹 Focus
👉 Not just acceptance, but whether the technology actually supports the task effectively.
🔹 Strengths
🔹 Weaknesses
🔹 Suitable When:
You want to analyze whether AI-supported IBL actually fits EFL writing tasks, not just whether students like it.
3️⃣ Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT)
Developed by Viswanath Venkatesh et al. (2003)
🔹 Core Idea
Integrates 8 previous models (including TAM).
🔹 Four Main Constructs:
Moderated by:
🔹 Strengths
🔹 Weaknesses
🔹 Suitable When:
You want to study AI adoption in institutional settings, including peer influence, infrastructure, and policy support.
🔎 Side-by-Side Comparison
Aspect | TAM | TTF | UTAUT |
Focus | User perception | Task-technology match | Integrated acceptance model |
Main Question | Do users accept it? | Does it fit the task? | What influences acceptance & use? |
Complexity | Simple | Moderate | Complex |
Best for | Attitude & intention | Performance & effectiveness | Institutional adoption |
🎓 For AI-Supported IBL Research in EFL Writing
If your focus is:
I woke before the morning did,
eyes open to a silent sky—
the clock whispered responsibility,
but my blanket held me tighter
than any promise I had made.
“I’ll rise in five,” I told myself,
negotiating with the dawn.
The pillow felt like destiny,
the mattress like a loyal friend—
and so I drifted back
into the soft betrayal of sleep.
Now the sun stands high and bold,
and I stand guilty in its light.
Lesson plans waiting.
Students trusting.
A calling greater than my comfort.
Lord,
You see this fragile will of mine—
the tug between purpose and pillow,
between fire and fatigue.
Help me, please.
Turn my laziness into discipline,
my delay into determination.
Teach my feet to move
when my heart hesitates.
Make me rise not just from bed,
but from excuses.
Let me teach with passion
even if I woke in weakness.
Let my class feel energy
even if I fought gravity this morning.
Tomorrow,
when the alarm calls my name,
remind me who I am—
not a servant of sleep,
but a teacher with a mission.
Lord,
make me diligent,
make me steady,
make me rise.
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This group feels frightening now,
crowded, yet heavy with something dark.
Too many who strum false tunes in secret,
too many who flatter to survive,
too many who smile while hiding knives behind their backs.
God,
I am afraid.
In the middle of the noise, I feel alone.
In the middle of laughter, I feel cautious.
Protect me from wicked hearts,
from hidden intentions,
from those who force their will on others,
who act as if they know everything,
who love to lecture,
who believe they are the most righteous in the world.
Protect me from subtle insults,
from words that sound gentle but carry poison,
from manipulation wrapped in kindness.
If anyone has wronged me,
let justice come in Your way, not mine.
I do not wish for revenge.
I only wish for peace and safety.
Calm my heart.
Strengthen my steps.
And please—
do not let me become like them.
Amen.